Dynamic Challenges of Active Tuberculosis: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Co-Infection in Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Jawahir A Mokhtar,1– 3 Dalya M Attallah,2 Asif Ahmad Jiman-Fatani,1,2 Mohammed W Al-Rabia,1 Mona Abdulrahman Alqarni,1 Bandar Hasan Saleh,1,2 Maysaa Mohammed Amboon,4 Tarfa A Altorki,3,4 Khalil K Alkuwaity,3,4 Turki Abujamel,3,4 Reham Kaki,5,6 Taghreed Nassir Albarakati,7 Hussam Daghistani,8,9 Mazen...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dove Medical Press
2025-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of General Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/dynamic-challenges-of-active-tuberculosis-prevalence-and-risk-factors--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM |
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| Summary: | Jawahir A Mokhtar,1– 3 Dalya M Attallah,2 Asif Ahmad Jiman-Fatani,1,2 Mohammed W Al-Rabia,1 Mona Abdulrahman Alqarni,1 Bandar Hasan Saleh,1,2 Maysaa Mohammed Amboon,4 Tarfa A Altorki,3,4 Khalil K Alkuwaity,3,4 Turki Abujamel,3,4 Reham Kaki,5,6 Taghreed Nassir Albarakati,7 Hussam Daghistani,8,9 Mazen A Ismail,10 Ohood Alharbi,11 Ibrahim Ismail Mohammed Abu,12 Abdelbagi Alfadil,1,13 Karem Ibrahem,1,2 Mohammed Mufrrih,4,14 Ahmad M Sait4,9 1Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 3Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Infectious Disease & Infection Control and Environmental Health, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 7Microbiology Unite in King Fahd General hospital Jeddah (KFHJ), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 9Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 11Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 12Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jedda, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 13Centre of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 14Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Karem Ibrahem, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Email [email protected]: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health issue in Saudi Arabia, particularly impacting the elderly. Immunocompromising conditions, including comorbidities, malignancies, and the use of immunosuppressive agents, are major risk factors for active TB (ATB).Objective: To analyze clinical factors and estimate mortality in TB and drug-resistant cases.Methods: This retrospective study analyzed medical records of 12,494 patients at KAUH (2019– 2021), identifying 131 confirmed TB cases with comprehensive data on demographics, clinical features, comorbidities, diagnostics, and outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with chi-square and logistic regression identifying risk factors. Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of p < 0.05. In our study, logistic regression was employed to identify significant predictors of mortality among TB patients. The results were presented using beta coefficients (B) to quantify the relationship between predictors and the outcome, along with the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) to provide an interpretable measure of the strength of these associations.Results: Of the 131 TB patients involved in this paper, a higher incidence of pulmonary TB was observed among men under 30 years old. This group also showed a higher mortality rate due to comorbidities such as renal failure, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and autoimmune disease. The risk of mortality was heightened by 69.47% with drug susceptibility. Additionally, 19.85% of the patients had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and 10.69% had extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Patients undergoing hemodialysis, and those with respiratory comorbidities, cancer, diabetes, and smoking were found to have a higher mortality hazard, indicating these as significant risk factors for TB.Conclusion: This study highlights TB’s prevalence and drug resistance at KAUH, emphasizing high-risk groups, including males and young adults. Effective strategies, targeted interventions, and future research are vital for reducing mortality.This study examines the stability of tuberculosis (TB) disease presentation using dynamic models among patients treated at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Key findings include:This is the first study to analyze TB disease stability across different demographic groups.Males, elderly individuals, cancer patients, and those with pulmonary disease or other comorbidities were found to have a higher risk of death from TB.The results emphasize the need for healthcare practices to adopt the “equilibrium state” method for hazard assessment. Incorporating this gold-standard approach into treatment plans can help identify high-risk cases and improve control measures to reduce TB-related mortality.This study provides valuable insights for improving TB patient care and treatment outcomes, particularly for vulnerable groups.Keywords: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Risk Factor, Prevalence, Drug Resistance |
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| ISSN: | 1178-7074 |