Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern
# Background Foot strike patterns during running are typically categorized into two types: non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS), or as three distinct types: forefoot strike (FFS), midfoot strike (MFS), and RFS, based on which part of the foot lands first. Various methods, including...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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North American Sports Medicine Institute
2024-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.123952 |
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| author | Haruhiko Goto Toshinao Kamikubo Ryota Yamamoto Toshiharu Tsutsui Suguru Torii |
| author_facet | Haruhiko Goto Toshinao Kamikubo Ryota Yamamoto Toshiharu Tsutsui Suguru Torii |
| author_sort | Haruhiko Goto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | # Background
Foot strike patterns during running are typically categorized into two types: non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS), or as three distinct types: forefoot strike (FFS), midfoot strike (MFS), and RFS, based on which part of the foot lands first. Various methods, including two-dimensional (2D) visual-based methods and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture-based methods utilizing parameters such as the strike index (SI) or strike angle (SA), have been employed to assess these patterns. However, the consistency between the results obtained from each method remains debatable.
# Hypothesis/Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement for assessing foot strike patterns into two (NRFS and RFS) or three types (FFS, MFS, and RFS) between 2D visual- and 3D motion capture-based methods. The authors hypothesized that using two description types (NRFS and RFS) would have high inter-method reliability; however, using three description types (FFS, MFS and RFS) would have lower inter-method reliability because of the difficulty in distinguishing between FFS and MFS.
# Study design
Controlled Laboratory Study
# Methods
Overall, 162 foot strikes from four healthy runners with various foot strike patterns were analyzed. Running kinematics and kinetics were recorded using a 3D motion capture system with a force platform. Each foot strike was filmed at 240 fps from the sagittal perspective. The visual, SI, and SA methods were used, and the kappa values for each method were calculated.
# Results
An assessment of the two types of foot strike: NRFS and RFS, revealed almost perfect kappa values (κ = 0.89--0.95) among the visual, SI, and SA methods. In contrast, an assessment of the three types: FFS, MFS, and RFS, revealed relatively low kappa values (κ = 0.58--0.71). Kappa values within the NRFS category, which includes MFS and FFS, ranged from fair to slight (κ = 0.08--0.33).
# Conclusion
Previous laboratory findings that categorized foot strike patterns into two distinct types may be applied in observational studies, clinical practice, and training situations.
# Level of evidence
Level 2 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0781099baa73406e962b66d61bdd26c8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2159-2896 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | North American Sports Medicine Institute |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| spelling | doaj-art-0781099baa73406e962b66d61bdd26c82025-02-11T20:27:00ZengNorth American Sports Medicine InstituteInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy2159-28962024-11-011911Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike PatternHaruhiko GotoToshinao KamikuboRyota YamamotoToshiharu TsutsuiSuguru Torii# Background Foot strike patterns during running are typically categorized into two types: non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS), or as three distinct types: forefoot strike (FFS), midfoot strike (MFS), and RFS, based on which part of the foot lands first. Various methods, including two-dimensional (2D) visual-based methods and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture-based methods utilizing parameters such as the strike index (SI) or strike angle (SA), have been employed to assess these patterns. However, the consistency between the results obtained from each method remains debatable. # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement for assessing foot strike patterns into two (NRFS and RFS) or three types (FFS, MFS, and RFS) between 2D visual- and 3D motion capture-based methods. The authors hypothesized that using two description types (NRFS and RFS) would have high inter-method reliability; however, using three description types (FFS, MFS and RFS) would have lower inter-method reliability because of the difficulty in distinguishing between FFS and MFS. # Study design Controlled Laboratory Study # Methods Overall, 162 foot strikes from four healthy runners with various foot strike patterns were analyzed. Running kinematics and kinetics were recorded using a 3D motion capture system with a force platform. Each foot strike was filmed at 240 fps from the sagittal perspective. The visual, SI, and SA methods were used, and the kappa values for each method were calculated. # Results An assessment of the two types of foot strike: NRFS and RFS, revealed almost perfect kappa values (κ = 0.89--0.95) among the visual, SI, and SA methods. In contrast, an assessment of the three types: FFS, MFS, and RFS, revealed relatively low kappa values (κ = 0.58--0.71). Kappa values within the NRFS category, which includes MFS and FFS, ranged from fair to slight (κ = 0.08--0.33). # Conclusion Previous laboratory findings that categorized foot strike patterns into two distinct types may be applied in observational studies, clinical practice, and training situations. # Level of evidence Level 2https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.123952 |
| spellingShingle | Haruhiko Goto Toshinao Kamikubo Ryota Yamamoto Toshiharu Tsutsui Suguru Torii Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| title | Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern |
| title_full | Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern |
| title_fullStr | Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern |
| title_short | Agreement between 2D Visual- and 3D Motion Capture-based Assessment of Foot Strike Pattern |
| title_sort | agreement between 2d visual and 3d motion capture based assessment of foot strike pattern |
| url | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.123952 |
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