Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux
The interaction between oxy-fluoride slag and metal in the submerged arc welding process (SAW) includes gas phase reactions. These reactions occur at elevated temperatures in the confined arc cavity, typically between 2000 °C and 2500 °C, making studying the specific chemical interactions challengin...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667312624000336 |
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| author | Theresa Coetsee Frederik Johannes De Bruin |
| author_facet | Theresa Coetsee Frederik Johannes De Bruin |
| author_sort | Theresa Coetsee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The interaction between oxy-fluoride slag and metal in the submerged arc welding process (SAW) includes gas phase reactions. These reactions occur at elevated temperatures in the confined arc cavity, typically between 2000 °C and 2500 °C, making studying the specific chemical interactions challenging. To address this, an experimental method was applied at a lower temperature of 1350 °C to simulate and study the behaviour of the gas species generated from the oxy-fluoride flux, especially when combined with metal powders. In the current study, Al-Fe-Cu metal powders were reacted with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux to identify the behaviour of copper in the reaction system. Post-reaction three-dimensional slag was analysed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to locate and analyse nano-strands, which confirm gas phase reactions from the oxy-fluoride slag. Thermochemistry calculations explain the observed nano-strand formation from gas-slag-metal reactions. The analyses identified Ti nano-strands with Cu-Fe-Mn-Si fluoride end-caps. Thermochemical analysis indicates that the end-caps formed from oxy-fluoride vaporisation and re-condensation. Ti in the nano-strands originated from TiO2 in the slag. The following gas-based reaction explains the displacement of Ti by Al from Ti-fluoride gas: yAl + xTiFy ↔ xTi + yAlFx. The low-temperature experimental technique can be used to simulate oxy-fluoride slag behaviour in SAW fluxes in terms of gas formation and metal powder assimilation reactions as observed in the SAW process. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2667-3126 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis |
| spelling | doaj-art-1b8c78d963bc4b7b895d1eb45047f6c02025-02-10T04:35:27ZengElsevierChemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis2667-31262025-03-0117100160Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 fluxTheresa Coetsee0Frederik Johannes De Bruin1Corresponding author.; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South AfricaDepartment of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South AfricaThe interaction between oxy-fluoride slag and metal in the submerged arc welding process (SAW) includes gas phase reactions. These reactions occur at elevated temperatures in the confined arc cavity, typically between 2000 °C and 2500 °C, making studying the specific chemical interactions challenging. To address this, an experimental method was applied at a lower temperature of 1350 °C to simulate and study the behaviour of the gas species generated from the oxy-fluoride flux, especially when combined with metal powders. In the current study, Al-Fe-Cu metal powders were reacted with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux to identify the behaviour of copper in the reaction system. Post-reaction three-dimensional slag was analysed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to locate and analyse nano-strands, which confirm gas phase reactions from the oxy-fluoride slag. Thermochemistry calculations explain the observed nano-strand formation from gas-slag-metal reactions. The analyses identified Ti nano-strands with Cu-Fe-Mn-Si fluoride end-caps. Thermochemical analysis indicates that the end-caps formed from oxy-fluoride vaporisation and re-condensation. Ti in the nano-strands originated from TiO2 in the slag. The following gas-based reaction explains the displacement of Ti by Al from Ti-fluoride gas: yAl + xTiFy ↔ xTi + yAlFx. The low-temperature experimental technique can be used to simulate oxy-fluoride slag behaviour in SAW fluxes in terms of gas formation and metal powder assimilation reactions as observed in the SAW process.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667312624000336FluorideSlagGasOxy-fluorideThermochemistryNano |
| spellingShingle | Theresa Coetsee Frederik Johannes De Bruin Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis Fluoride Slag Gas Oxy-fluoride Thermochemistry Nano |
| title | Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux |
| title_full | Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux |
| title_fullStr | Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux |
| title_short | Thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of Cu in Ti nano-strand formation from low-temperature reaction of Al-Fe-Cu powder with CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-TiO2 flux |
| title_sort | thermochemical analysis of the behaviour of cu in ti nano strand formation from low temperature reaction of al fe cu powder with caf2 sio2 al2o3 mgo mno tio2 flux |
| topic | Fluoride Slag Gas Oxy-fluoride Thermochemistry Nano |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667312624000336 |
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