Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine
Abstract To examine the characteristics of water-soluble ions and metals on the particulate matter (PM) in the exhausts, a P2SGE (portable two-stroke gasoline engine) was fueled by unleaded gasoline #92 blended with different two-stroke engine oil brands (CPC Super Low Smoke Two-Stork Engine Oil (SL...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200632 |
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| author | Jen-Hsiung Tsai Shui-Jen Chen Sheng-Lun Lin Zheng-You Xu Kuo-Lin Huang Chih-Chung Lin |
| author_facet | Jen-Hsiung Tsai Shui-Jen Chen Sheng-Lun Lin Zheng-You Xu Kuo-Lin Huang Chih-Chung Lin |
| author_sort | Jen-Hsiung Tsai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract To examine the characteristics of water-soluble ions and metals on the particulate matter (PM) in the exhausts, a P2SGE (portable two-stroke gasoline engine) was fueled by unleaded gasoline #92 blended with different two-stroke engine oil brands (CPC Super Low Smoke Two-Stork Engine Oil (SLS), CPC Low Smoke Two-Stroke Engine Oil (LS), and MERCURY STAR (MS)) and operated under idling, mid-load (1.5 kW), and high-load (1.9 kW), respectively. Experimental results reveal that the PM mass concentrations in the exhausts were in the order MS (avg. 1,934 mg Nm−3) > SLS (avg. 1,543 mg Nm−3) > LS (avg. 1,167 mg Nm−3) in all test conditions. The mass concentrations and emission factors (EFs) of PM decreased as the P2SGE load increased by adding each tested lubricant. Based on fuel consumption, EFs of ΣIons were the lowest when utilizing the LS additive (avg. 89.7 mg L-fuel−1), followed by the MS and SLS (165 and 168 mg L-fuel−1, in average, respectively); whereas the lowest levels of ΣMetals were observed by using MS additive (avg. 61.3 mg L−1), followed by using the LS (avg. 83.8 mg L−1) and SLS (avg. 85.2 mg L−1). The soluble ions on the PM were mostly Na+, Ca2+, NO3 −, and SO4 2− among eight tested species, which accounted for only 0.05–0.19% (avg. 0.1%) of PM mass. The 21 analyzed metal components represented only 0.05% of the mass of the PM, and were dominated by Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn, which represented 98.7% by mass of ΣMetals. Our finding for portable engine emission has been rarely considered in the literature but it is unneglectable for labors who are usually exposed to the ions and metals. Further health risk assessment research is suggested to include temporarily real-life exposures with high pollutant levels. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1ff4d200782a485b8cfdff2aef43bf29 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-1ff4d200782a485b8cfdff2aef43bf292025-02-09T12:20:04ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092021-02-0121311410.4209/aaqr.200632Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline EngineJen-Hsiung Tsai0Shui-Jen Chen1Sheng-Lun Lin2Zheng-You Xu3Kuo-Lin Huang4Chih-Chung Lin5Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyAbstract To examine the characteristics of water-soluble ions and metals on the particulate matter (PM) in the exhausts, a P2SGE (portable two-stroke gasoline engine) was fueled by unleaded gasoline #92 blended with different two-stroke engine oil brands (CPC Super Low Smoke Two-Stork Engine Oil (SLS), CPC Low Smoke Two-Stroke Engine Oil (LS), and MERCURY STAR (MS)) and operated under idling, mid-load (1.5 kW), and high-load (1.9 kW), respectively. Experimental results reveal that the PM mass concentrations in the exhausts were in the order MS (avg. 1,934 mg Nm−3) > SLS (avg. 1,543 mg Nm−3) > LS (avg. 1,167 mg Nm−3) in all test conditions. The mass concentrations and emission factors (EFs) of PM decreased as the P2SGE load increased by adding each tested lubricant. Based on fuel consumption, EFs of ΣIons were the lowest when utilizing the LS additive (avg. 89.7 mg L-fuel−1), followed by the MS and SLS (165 and 168 mg L-fuel−1, in average, respectively); whereas the lowest levels of ΣMetals were observed by using MS additive (avg. 61.3 mg L−1), followed by using the LS (avg. 83.8 mg L−1) and SLS (avg. 85.2 mg L−1). The soluble ions on the PM were mostly Na+, Ca2+, NO3 −, and SO4 2− among eight tested species, which accounted for only 0.05–0.19% (avg. 0.1%) of PM mass. The 21 analyzed metal components represented only 0.05% of the mass of the PM, and were dominated by Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn, which represented 98.7% by mass of ΣMetals. Our finding for portable engine emission has been rarely considered in the literature but it is unneglectable for labors who are usually exposed to the ions and metals. Further health risk assessment research is suggested to include temporarily real-life exposures with high pollutant levels.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200632Portable two-stroke gasoline engineParticulate matterWater-soluble ionsMetalsEnvironmental pollution |
| spellingShingle | Jen-Hsiung Tsai Shui-Jen Chen Sheng-Lun Lin Zheng-You Xu Kuo-Lin Huang Chih-Chung Lin Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine Aerosol and Air Quality Research Portable two-stroke gasoline engine Particulate matter Water-soluble ions Metals Environmental pollution |
| title | Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine |
| title_full | Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine |
| title_short | Chemical Characterization of Water-soluble Ions and Metals in Particulate Matter Generated by a Portable Two-stroke Gasoline Engine |
| title_sort | chemical characterization of water soluble ions and metals in particulate matter generated by a portable two stroke gasoline engine |
| topic | Portable two-stroke gasoline engine Particulate matter Water-soluble ions Metals Environmental pollution |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200632 |
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