Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking
Abstract The nature and frequency of spontaneous thoughts play a critical role in cognitive processes like perception, decision-making, attention, and memory. Deficits in these processes are also greatly associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology. However, the underlying cogn...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Communications Psychology |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0 |
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| author | Marta Migó Jessica A. Cooper Philip A. Kragel Michael T. Treadway |
| author_facet | Marta Migó Jessica A. Cooper Philip A. Kragel Michael T. Treadway |
| author_sort | Marta Migó |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The nature and frequency of spontaneous thoughts play a critical role in cognitive processes like perception, decision-making, attention, and memory. Deficits in these processes are also greatly associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology. However, the underlying cognitive dynamics of free and stuck spontaneous thought remain unclear, as these often occur in the absence of measurable behaviors. Here, we analyze free word-association data using attractor-state dynamic modeling, which conceptualizes stuck spontaneous thought as navigating a multidimensional semantic space while in the presence of strong attractor locations. Word-association data was collected from an exploratory sample (N 1 = 65), a first replication sample (N 2 = 79), and, following pre-registration, a second replication sample (N 3 = 222). After the data was embedded into a 3-dimensional semantic space and fit by our dynamic model, unsupervised learning consistently grouped data into four clusters across all independent samples. These clusters were characterized by two distinct patterns of stuck negative thinking, a pattern of protective positive thinking, and a pattern of flexible mind-wandering. Our results support a method for modeling spontaneous thought and isolate distinct sub-types that may not be accessible using retrospective self-report methods. We discuss implications for clinical and cognitive science. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2242a1002b614389a9e253ba72f70901 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2731-9121 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Communications Psychology |
| spelling | doaj-art-2242a1002b614389a9e253ba72f709012025-02-09T12:53:11ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Psychology2731-91212025-02-013111110.1038/s44271-025-00201-0Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinkingMarta Migó0Jessica A. Cooper1Philip A. Kragel2Michael T. Treadway3Emory University, Department of PsychologyEmory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesEmory University, Department of PsychologyEmory University, Department of PsychologyAbstract The nature and frequency of spontaneous thoughts play a critical role in cognitive processes like perception, decision-making, attention, and memory. Deficits in these processes are also greatly associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology. However, the underlying cognitive dynamics of free and stuck spontaneous thought remain unclear, as these often occur in the absence of measurable behaviors. Here, we analyze free word-association data using attractor-state dynamic modeling, which conceptualizes stuck spontaneous thought as navigating a multidimensional semantic space while in the presence of strong attractor locations. Word-association data was collected from an exploratory sample (N 1 = 65), a first replication sample (N 2 = 79), and, following pre-registration, a second replication sample (N 3 = 222). After the data was embedded into a 3-dimensional semantic space and fit by our dynamic model, unsupervised learning consistently grouped data into four clusters across all independent samples. These clusters were characterized by two distinct patterns of stuck negative thinking, a pattern of protective positive thinking, and a pattern of flexible mind-wandering. Our results support a method for modeling spontaneous thought and isolate distinct sub-types that may not be accessible using retrospective self-report methods. We discuss implications for clinical and cognitive science.https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0 |
| spellingShingle | Marta Migó Jessica A. Cooper Philip A. Kragel Michael T. Treadway Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking Communications Psychology |
| title | Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking |
| title_full | Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking |
| title_fullStr | Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking |
| title_short | Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking |
| title_sort | spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative positive and flexible thinking |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0 |
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