Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics
One lingering effect of the COVID-19 pandemic created by SARS-CoV-2 is the emergence of Long COVID (LC), characterized by enduring neurological sequelae affecting a significant portion of survivors. This review provides a thorough analysis of these neurological disruptions with respect to cognitive...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1465787/full |
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| author | Grant McGee Talkington Grant McGee Talkington Paresh Kolluru Timothy E. Gressett Timothy E. Gressett Saifudeen Ismael Umar Meenakshi Mariana Acquarone Rebecca J. Solch-Ottaiano Amanda White Blake Ouvrier Blake Ouvrier Kristina Paré Nicholas Parker Amanda Watters Nabeela Siddeeque Brooke Sullivan Nilesh Ganguli Victor Calero-Hernandez Gregory Hall Michele Longo Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix |
| author_facet | Grant McGee Talkington Grant McGee Talkington Paresh Kolluru Timothy E. Gressett Timothy E. Gressett Saifudeen Ismael Umar Meenakshi Mariana Acquarone Rebecca J. Solch-Ottaiano Amanda White Blake Ouvrier Blake Ouvrier Kristina Paré Nicholas Parker Amanda Watters Nabeela Siddeeque Brooke Sullivan Nilesh Ganguli Victor Calero-Hernandez Gregory Hall Michele Longo Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix |
| author_sort | Grant McGee Talkington |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One lingering effect of the COVID-19 pandemic created by SARS-CoV-2 is the emergence of Long COVID (LC), characterized by enduring neurological sequelae affecting a significant portion of survivors. This review provides a thorough analysis of these neurological disruptions with respect to cognitive dysfunction, which broadly manifest as chronic insomnia, fatigue, mood dysregulation, and cognitive impairments with respect to cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we characterize how diagnostic tools such as PET, MRI, EEG, and ultrasonography provide critical insight into subtle neurological anomalies that may mechanistically explain the Long COVID disease phenotype. In this review, we explore the mechanistic hypotheses of these neurological changes, which describe CNS invasion, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and gut-brain axis dysregulation, along with the novel vascular disruption hypothesis that highlights endothelial dysfunction and hypoperfusion as a core underlying mechanism. We lastly evaluate the clinical treatment landscape, scrutinizing the efficacy of various therapeutic strategies ranging from antivirals to anti-inflammatory agents in mitigating the multifaceted symptoms of LC. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-296fc956aa5a4b548ed2322834ccd391 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj-art-296fc956aa5a4b548ed2322834ccd3912025-02-07T05:10:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952025-02-011510.3389/fneur.2024.14657871465787Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeuticsGrant McGee Talkington0Grant McGee Talkington1Paresh Kolluru2Timothy E. Gressett3Timothy E. Gressett4Saifudeen Ismael5Umar Meenakshi6Mariana Acquarone7Rebecca J. Solch-Ottaiano8Amanda White9Blake Ouvrier10Blake Ouvrier11Kristina Paré12Nicholas Parker13Amanda Watters14Nabeela Siddeeque15Brooke Sullivan16Nilesh Ganguli17Victor Calero-Hernandez18Gregory Hall19Michele Longo20Gregory J. Bix21Gregory J. Bix22Gregory J. Bix23Gregory J. Bix24Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesTulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesOne lingering effect of the COVID-19 pandemic created by SARS-CoV-2 is the emergence of Long COVID (LC), characterized by enduring neurological sequelae affecting a significant portion of survivors. This review provides a thorough analysis of these neurological disruptions with respect to cognitive dysfunction, which broadly manifest as chronic insomnia, fatigue, mood dysregulation, and cognitive impairments with respect to cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we characterize how diagnostic tools such as PET, MRI, EEG, and ultrasonography provide critical insight into subtle neurological anomalies that may mechanistically explain the Long COVID disease phenotype. In this review, we explore the mechanistic hypotheses of these neurological changes, which describe CNS invasion, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and gut-brain axis dysregulation, along with the novel vascular disruption hypothesis that highlights endothelial dysfunction and hypoperfusion as a core underlying mechanism. We lastly evaluate the clinical treatment landscape, scrutinizing the efficacy of various therapeutic strategies ranging from antivirals to anti-inflammatory agents in mitigating the multifaceted symptoms of LC.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1465787/fulllong COVIDpost-acute sequelae of COVID-19SARS-CoV-2neurological complicationchronic insomnia in COVID-19post-COVID fatigue |
| spellingShingle | Grant McGee Talkington Grant McGee Talkington Paresh Kolluru Timothy E. Gressett Timothy E. Gressett Saifudeen Ismael Umar Meenakshi Mariana Acquarone Rebecca J. Solch-Ottaiano Amanda White Blake Ouvrier Blake Ouvrier Kristina Paré Nicholas Parker Amanda Watters Nabeela Siddeeque Brooke Sullivan Nilesh Ganguli Victor Calero-Hernandez Gregory Hall Michele Longo Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Gregory J. Bix Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics Frontiers in Neurology long COVID post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 neurological complication chronic insomnia in COVID-19 post-COVID fatigue |
| title | Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics |
| title_full | Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics |
| title_fullStr | Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics |
| title_short | Neurological sequelae of long COVID: a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging, underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutics |
| title_sort | neurological sequelae of long covid a comprehensive review of diagnostic imaging underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutics |
| topic | long COVID post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 neurological complication chronic insomnia in COVID-19 post-COVID fatigue |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1465787/full |
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