The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) according to the PALM-COEIN classification. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who underwent surgical intervention due to AUB were categorized according to the PALM-COEIN classification, and the pandemic period w...
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Medical Network
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://gorm.com.tr/index.php/GORM/article/view/1546 |
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| author | Onur Bektas Kivilcim Bektas Sirin Aydin Gulsen Dogan Durdag Husnu Celik |
| author_facet | Onur Bektas Kivilcim Bektas Sirin Aydin Gulsen Dogan Durdag Husnu Celik |
| author_sort | Onur Bektas |
| collection | DOAJ |
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) according to the PALM-COEIN classification.
STUDY DESIGN: Patients who underwent surgical intervention due to AUB were categorized according to the PALM-COEIN classification, and the pandemic period was compared with the pre-pandemic period.
RESULTS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) was observed. This was statistically shown to be due to ovulatory dysfunction and endometrial problems (with p-values of 0.033 and 0.024, respectively). No significant changes were detected in categories including polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy, and iatrogenic causes (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: In the relationship between COVID-19, ovulatory dysfunction, and endometrial issues, several factors should be considered. These include direct inflammation of the ovarian and endometrial tissues, potential defects in endometrial repair mechanisms secondary to inflammation, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, immunological effects of vaccination, systemic inflammatory responses affecting the ovary and endometrium, changes in inflammatory and immune mediators, and immune cell activation. Additionally, increased production of vasodilatory substances such as prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, decreased production of local vasoconstrictors like prostaglandin F2α and endothelin-1, as well as increased plasminogen activator activity leading to enhanced thrombolysis and disruptions in endometrial hemostatic mechanisms.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-45a134d3ceb248be972ce28ade4ee01a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1300-4751 2602-4918 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Medical Network |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-45a134d3ceb248be972ce28ade4ee01a2025-02-11T21:18:59ZengMedical NetworkGynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine1300-47512602-49182024-12-0130310.21613/GORM.2023.1546The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN ClassificationOnur Bektas0Kivilcim Bektas1Sirin Aydin2Gulsen Dogan Durdag3Husnu Celik4assist. Prof.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruhr University Bochum, Herford Clinic, Herford, GermanyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Adana, TurkeyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Adana, TurkeyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Adana, Turkey OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) according to the PALM-COEIN classification. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who underwent surgical intervention due to AUB were categorized according to the PALM-COEIN classification, and the pandemic period was compared with the pre-pandemic period. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) was observed. This was statistically shown to be due to ovulatory dysfunction and endometrial problems (with p-values of 0.033 and 0.024, respectively). No significant changes were detected in categories including polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy, and iatrogenic causes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the relationship between COVID-19, ovulatory dysfunction, and endometrial issues, several factors should be considered. These include direct inflammation of the ovarian and endometrial tissues, potential defects in endometrial repair mechanisms secondary to inflammation, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, immunological effects of vaccination, systemic inflammatory responses affecting the ovary and endometrium, changes in inflammatory and immune mediators, and immune cell activation. Additionally, increased production of vasodilatory substances such as prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, decreased production of local vasoconstrictors like prostaglandin F2α and endothelin-1, as well as increased plasminogen activator activity leading to enhanced thrombolysis and disruptions in endometrial hemostatic mechanisms. https://gorm.com.tr/index.php/GORM/article/view/1546Abnormal uterine bleedingCOVID pandemicEndometrial hemostasisImmune responseOvulatory dysfunctionPALM-COEIN classification |
| spellingShingle | Onur Bektas Kivilcim Bektas Sirin Aydin Gulsen Dogan Durdag Husnu Celik The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine Abnormal uterine bleeding COVID pandemic Endometrial hemostasis Immune response Ovulatory dysfunction PALM-COEIN classification |
| title | The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification |
| title_full | The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification |
| title_short | The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification |
| title_sort | effects of the covid 19 pandemic on abnormal uterine bleeding according to the palm coein classification |
| topic | Abnormal uterine bleeding COVID pandemic Endometrial hemostasis Immune response Ovulatory dysfunction PALM-COEIN classification |
| url | https://gorm.com.tr/index.php/GORM/article/view/1546 |
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