Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway

Background: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a known environmental toxicant, causes organ damage via oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is known for many beneficial health effects associated with its phenolic acids and flavonoid contents. We, therefore...

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Main Authors: OO Oladokun, KO Ajeigbe, MA Adelakun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-02-01
Series:Phytomedicine Plus
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001994
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author OO Oladokun
KO Ajeigbe
MA Adelakun
author_facet OO Oladokun
KO Ajeigbe
MA Adelakun
author_sort OO Oladokun
collection DOAJ
description Background: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a known environmental toxicant, causes organ damage via oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is known for many beneficial health effects associated with its phenolic acids and flavonoid contents. We, therefore, explore the mechanisms underlying the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) alone, or combined with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in the treatment of TCA-induced gastric and intestinal damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats received TCA (250 mg/Kg b.wt, p.o) for ten days, followed by either 5 % or 10 % VCO per gram feed alone or in combination with 5FU (50 mg/kg, i.p) for another ten days. Stomach and intestinal tissue oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers were evaluated along with histological examination. Results: TCA's intoxication which caused a decrease in the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and Nrf2 in the stomach and colon, and an increase in MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kB levels were all reversed by VCO, either alone or in combination with 5-FU. Further, histomorphometry data favored the anti-inflammatory potentials of VCO. Parietal cell mass and inflammatory cell infiltration elaborated by TCA were reduced significantly by VCO and 5-FU. Similarly, intestinal crypt depth assessment and inflammatory cell infiltration earlier increased in the TCA group was quashed by VCO. Still, both gastric mucous and goblet cells hitherto reduced were significantly enhanced by VCO alone or in combination with 5-FU. Focal disruption of the gastric pit, derangement of surface epithelium, and sloughing of the surface epithelial barrier of the intestinal villi occasioned by TCA were all assuaged by VCO. Conclusions: Virgin coconut oil shows a promising adjunctive effect quashing trichloroacetic acid-induced injury in the stomach and intestine via suppression of lipid peroxidation, enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β/NF-kB signaling.
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spelling doaj-art-57aa17b029404aa28d2640a0d1e0466a2025-02-10T04:35:18ZengElsevierPhytomedicine Plus2667-03132025-02-0151100725Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathwayOO Oladokun0KO Ajeigbe1MA Adelakun2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, NigeriaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria; Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti.Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, NigeriaBackground: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a known environmental toxicant, causes organ damage via oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is known for many beneficial health effects associated with its phenolic acids and flavonoid contents. We, therefore, explore the mechanisms underlying the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) alone, or combined with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in the treatment of TCA-induced gastric and intestinal damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats received TCA (250 mg/Kg b.wt, p.o) for ten days, followed by either 5 % or 10 % VCO per gram feed alone or in combination with 5FU (50 mg/kg, i.p) for another ten days. Stomach and intestinal tissue oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers were evaluated along with histological examination. Results: TCA's intoxication which caused a decrease in the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and Nrf2 in the stomach and colon, and an increase in MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kB levels were all reversed by VCO, either alone or in combination with 5-FU. Further, histomorphometry data favored the anti-inflammatory potentials of VCO. Parietal cell mass and inflammatory cell infiltration elaborated by TCA were reduced significantly by VCO and 5-FU. Similarly, intestinal crypt depth assessment and inflammatory cell infiltration earlier increased in the TCA group was quashed by VCO. Still, both gastric mucous and goblet cells hitherto reduced were significantly enhanced by VCO alone or in combination with 5-FU. Focal disruption of the gastric pit, derangement of surface epithelium, and sloughing of the surface epithelial barrier of the intestinal villi occasioned by TCA were all assuaged by VCO. Conclusions: Virgin coconut oil shows a promising adjunctive effect quashing trichloroacetic acid-induced injury in the stomach and intestine via suppression of lipid peroxidation, enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β/NF-kB signaling.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001994Virgin coconut oilTrichloroacetic acidLipid peroxidationAntioxidantsInflammation
spellingShingle OO Oladokun
KO Ajeigbe
MA Adelakun
Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
Phytomedicine Plus
Virgin coconut oil
Trichloroacetic acid
Lipid peroxidation
Antioxidants
Inflammation
title Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
title_full Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
title_fullStr Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
title_full_unstemmed Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
title_short Virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of Nrf2 but inhibition of TNF-α, IL1β/NF-kB signalling pathway
title_sort virgin coconut oil lessens trichloroacetic acid assault on the stomach and intestine of rats via enhancement of nrf2 but inhibition of tnf α il1β nf kb signalling pathway
topic Virgin coconut oil
Trichloroacetic acid
Lipid peroxidation
Antioxidants
Inflammation
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031324001994
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