A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment
In recent years, concerns regarding the toxicity of organic UV filters in sunscreen products have increased. While sunscreen products contain multiple UV filters in combination, current understanding on their co-occurrence patterns and mixture toxicities is still limited. This study utilized a publi...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324016038 |
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| author | Ah-Reum Jo Ba Reum Kwon Inae Lee Jieun Min Sohyeon Choi Na-Youn Park Younglim Kho Jeongim Park Ho Kim Kyungho Choi |
| author_facet | Ah-Reum Jo Ba Reum Kwon Inae Lee Jieun Min Sohyeon Choi Na-Youn Park Younglim Kho Jeongim Park Ho Kim Kyungho Choi |
| author_sort | Ah-Reum Jo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, concerns regarding the toxicity of organic UV filters in sunscreen products have increased. While sunscreen products contain multiple UV filters in combination, current understanding on their co-occurrence patterns and mixture toxicities is still limited. This study utilized a public database, “Hwahae”, and analyzed 2183 sunscreen products marketed in South Korea as of 2019, using an association rule mining (ARM) to elucidate their co-occurrence patterns. We identified twenty-two UV filters in the sunscreen products, with titanium dioxide (TiO2) being the most prevalent (68 %), followed by ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, 60 %) and ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS, 49 %). Sunscreen products typically contained a median of five UV filters per product. Usage patterns of UV filter mixtures varied by the target user group of the product, i.e., general, susceptible, and male users. EHMC and EHS were commonly combined in most products, except those marketed for susceptible users. For susceptible users, inorganic UV filters such as TiO2 and zinc oxide (ZnO) were dominantly used. Combinations of UV filters that provide protection against different types of UV light, e.g., butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) for UVA, and octocrylene (OCT), EHS, or homosalate (HS) for UVB, were also frequently used together, with high lift values. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that ARM approach can be useful to identify major combinations of UV filters present in sunscreen products, and prioritize the UV filter combinations requiring safety assessment and regulatory attention. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-57c35ff959904cca8770b5f7521e2539 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj-art-57c35ff959904cca8770b5f7521e25392025-02-12T05:29:30ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-01-01290117527A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessmentAh-Reum Jo0Ba Reum Kwon1Inae Lee2Jieun Min3Sohyeon Choi4Na-Youn Park5Younglim Kho6Jeongim Park7Ho Kim8Kyungho Choi9Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USADepartment of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South KoreaDepartment of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, South KoreaDepartment of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Correspondence to: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.In recent years, concerns regarding the toxicity of organic UV filters in sunscreen products have increased. While sunscreen products contain multiple UV filters in combination, current understanding on their co-occurrence patterns and mixture toxicities is still limited. This study utilized a public database, “Hwahae”, and analyzed 2183 sunscreen products marketed in South Korea as of 2019, using an association rule mining (ARM) to elucidate their co-occurrence patterns. We identified twenty-two UV filters in the sunscreen products, with titanium dioxide (TiO2) being the most prevalent (68 %), followed by ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, 60 %) and ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS, 49 %). Sunscreen products typically contained a median of five UV filters per product. Usage patterns of UV filter mixtures varied by the target user group of the product, i.e., general, susceptible, and male users. EHMC and EHS were commonly combined in most products, except those marketed for susceptible users. For susceptible users, inorganic UV filters such as TiO2 and zinc oxide (ZnO) were dominantly used. Combinations of UV filters that provide protection against different types of UV light, e.g., butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) for UVA, and octocrylene (OCT), EHS, or homosalate (HS) for UVB, were also frequently used together, with high lift values. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that ARM approach can be useful to identify major combinations of UV filters present in sunscreen products, and prioritize the UV filter combinations requiring safety assessment and regulatory attention.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324016038SunscreensUV filtersCo-occurrenceUsage patternsAssociation rule mining (ARM)Combined effects |
| spellingShingle | Ah-Reum Jo Ba Reum Kwon Inae Lee Jieun Min Sohyeon Choi Na-Youn Park Younglim Kho Jeongim Park Ho Kim Kyungho Choi A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sunscreens UV filters Co-occurrence Usage patterns Association rule mining (ARM) Combined effects |
| title | A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| title_full | A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| title_fullStr | A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| title_short | A novel approach for unveiling co-occurrence patterns of UV filter mixtures in sunscreens: Prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| title_sort | novel approach for unveiling co occurrence patterns of uv filter mixtures in sunscreens prioritization for hazard and risk assessment |
| topic | Sunscreens UV filters Co-occurrence Usage patterns Association rule mining (ARM) Combined effects |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324016038 |
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