The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data
Abstract The present study utilized multi-sensory gridded and reanalysis data in conjunction with the meteorological variables to evaluate the impact of lockdown due to the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the changes of concentration of atmospheric pollutants in Pakistan. We focus...
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| Format: | Article |
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Springer
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200597 |
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| author | Rehana Khan Kanike Raghavendra Kumar Tianliang Zhao |
| author_facet | Rehana Khan Kanike Raghavendra Kumar Tianliang Zhao |
| author_sort | Rehana Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The present study utilized multi-sensory gridded and reanalysis data in conjunction with the meteorological variables to evaluate the impact of lockdown due to the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the changes of concentration of atmospheric pollutants in Pakistan. We focused on assessing the significant changes of pollutant concentrations during March–May for the years 2019 and 2020 utilizing the satellite datasets observed from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis data. Low pollution levels were observed throughout the COVID-19 (March 25–May 31, 2020) compared to a similar period in 2019. The association of meteorology with air pollutants found that the periods of enhanced temperature and relative humidity likely contributed to a cleaner environment over the Indus Basin Region (IBR) and Balochistan Plateau (BP). The decrease in the mean planetary boundary layer Sulphur dioxide (SO2) during the lockdown period of 2020 (DLP-2020) was evident by –36% in BP, –34% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and –15.15% in IBR when compared to before the lockdown period of 2019 (BLP-2019). This is attributed to the limited transportation and control action plans of industrial activities including combustion sources taken by the Government of Pakistan for the DLP-2020 phase. During DLP-2020, a variable and least significant decline in surface particulate matter of size 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentration was observed in the urban regions of KPK (–19.17%) followed by IBR (–0.82%) and BP (–0.26%). Overall, a considerable reductions in Carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were smaller in rural and suburban areas of BP (–3.61%, –8.57%) followed by KPK (–0.79%, –11.39%) and IBR (–3.30%, –11.39%), respectively. This is due to the reduction in local emissions related to the lockdown measures taken in the control of pandemic. However, the ozone (O3) concentrations witnessed an increase to a lower extent as 11.39%, 5.78%, and 4.74% in KPK, BP, and IBR, respectively attributed to rising in solar radiation intensity and temperature in hot summers, and decrease in NOx levels during the study period. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5ec0670ee01d419e9c7edaa899a8ab28 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-5ec0670ee01d419e9c7edaa899a8ab282025-02-09T12:19:50ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092021-02-0121611810.4209/aaqr.200597The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed DataRehana Khan0Kanike Raghavendra Kumar1Tianliang Zhao2Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyDepartment of Physics, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF)Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyAbstract The present study utilized multi-sensory gridded and reanalysis data in conjunction with the meteorological variables to evaluate the impact of lockdown due to the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the changes of concentration of atmospheric pollutants in Pakistan. We focused on assessing the significant changes of pollutant concentrations during March–May for the years 2019 and 2020 utilizing the satellite datasets observed from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis data. Low pollution levels were observed throughout the COVID-19 (March 25–May 31, 2020) compared to a similar period in 2019. The association of meteorology with air pollutants found that the periods of enhanced temperature and relative humidity likely contributed to a cleaner environment over the Indus Basin Region (IBR) and Balochistan Plateau (BP). The decrease in the mean planetary boundary layer Sulphur dioxide (SO2) during the lockdown period of 2020 (DLP-2020) was evident by –36% in BP, –34% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), and –15.15% in IBR when compared to before the lockdown period of 2019 (BLP-2019). This is attributed to the limited transportation and control action plans of industrial activities including combustion sources taken by the Government of Pakistan for the DLP-2020 phase. During DLP-2020, a variable and least significant decline in surface particulate matter of size 2.5 µm (PM2.5) concentration was observed in the urban regions of KPK (–19.17%) followed by IBR (–0.82%) and BP (–0.26%). Overall, a considerable reductions in Carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were smaller in rural and suburban areas of BP (–3.61%, –8.57%) followed by KPK (–0.79%, –11.39%) and IBR (–3.30%, –11.39%), respectively. This is due to the reduction in local emissions related to the lockdown measures taken in the control of pandemic. However, the ozone (O3) concentrations witnessed an increase to a lower extent as 11.39%, 5.78%, and 4.74% in KPK, BP, and IBR, respectively attributed to rising in solar radiation intensity and temperature in hot summers, and decrease in NOx levels during the study period.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200597Air qualityAtmospheric pollutantsCOVID-19Pakistan |
| spellingShingle | Rehana Khan Kanike Raghavendra Kumar Tianliang Zhao The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data Aerosol and Air Quality Research Air quality Atmospheric pollutants COVID-19 Pakistan |
| title | The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data |
| title_full | The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data |
| title_short | The Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Pakistan during the COVID-19 Pandemic Inferred from the Multi-sensor Remote Sensed Data |
| title_sort | impact of lockdown on air quality in pakistan during the covid 19 pandemic inferred from the multi sensor remote sensed data |
| topic | Air quality Atmospheric pollutants COVID-19 Pakistan |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200597 |
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