Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists
Purpose: There are few studies that have assessed the utility of metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), specifically looking at glucose control indices. These studies have largely evaluated the impact of agents not routinely used. Limited dat...
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University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing
2025-02-01
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| Series: | INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy |
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| Online Access: | https://pubs.lib.umn.edu/index.php/innovations/article/view/6450 |
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| author | Mayeesha Ahmed Emily Pierson Molly Webster |
| author_facet | Mayeesha Ahmed Emily Pierson Molly Webster |
| author_sort | Mayeesha Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Purpose:
There are few studies that have assessed the utility of metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), specifically looking at glucose control indices. These studies have largely evaluated the impact of agents not routinely used. Limited data exist on the use of the dual glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIP RA) in T1D. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this growing practice in utilizing these common non-insulin therapies in T1D.
Methods:
This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated adult patients with T1D who received standard insulin therapy plus the following non-insulin therapies for at least 3 months: metformin; GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP RA; or metformin and a GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP RA (combination group). Data points were collected on starting dates of the first and second (if applicable) non-insulin agents, and the first office visit of at least 3 months on maximum tolerated doses. The primary endpoint was change in total daily insulin dose (TDD). Secondary and safety endpoints were evaluated in A1c, weight, and hypoglycemia.
Results:
A total of 110 of 366 patients met inclusion criteria. Changes in average insulin TDD were +4.06, -5.9 and -6.9 units for the metformin, GLP-1RA or GLP-1/GIP RA, and combination groups respectively (P =0.013). TDD after non-insulin therapy addition decreased in all patients on average 3.54 units (P =0.02). All groups saw significant decrease in A1c by 0.62%, weight by 3.8kg, and hypoglycemia was seen in 76% of patients.
Conclusions:
Non-insulin therapies added to standard insulin therapy in T1D resulted in decreased insulin requirement, increased glycemic control, and decreased body weight. While statistically significant, it remains unclear if the decreased insulin requirement is clinically significant. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-632e26bfa6ac414b9b87e57cac472d6d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2155-0417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy |
| spelling | doaj-art-632e26bfa6ac414b9b87e57cac472d6d2025-02-09T21:38:36ZengUniversity of Minnesota Libraries PublishingINNOVATIONS in Pharmacy2155-04172025-02-0116110.24926/iip.v16i1.6450Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor AgonistsMayeesha Ahmed0Emily Pierson1Molly Webster2St. Elizabeth Hospital (At the time of the study: Resident, The Christ Hospital)The Christ HospitalThe Christ Hospital Purpose: There are few studies that have assessed the utility of metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in type 1 diabetes (T1D), specifically looking at glucose control indices. These studies have largely evaluated the impact of agents not routinely used. Limited data exist on the use of the dual glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist (GLP-1/GIP RA) in T1D. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this growing practice in utilizing these common non-insulin therapies in T1D. Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated adult patients with T1D who received standard insulin therapy plus the following non-insulin therapies for at least 3 months: metformin; GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP RA; or metformin and a GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP RA (combination group). Data points were collected on starting dates of the first and second (if applicable) non-insulin agents, and the first office visit of at least 3 months on maximum tolerated doses. The primary endpoint was change in total daily insulin dose (TDD). Secondary and safety endpoints were evaluated in A1c, weight, and hypoglycemia. Results: A total of 110 of 366 patients met inclusion criteria. Changes in average insulin TDD were +4.06, -5.9 and -6.9 units for the metformin, GLP-1RA or GLP-1/GIP RA, and combination groups respectively (P =0.013). TDD after non-insulin therapy addition decreased in all patients on average 3.54 units (P =0.02). All groups saw significant decrease in A1c by 0.62%, weight by 3.8kg, and hypoglycemia was seen in 76% of patients. Conclusions: Non-insulin therapies added to standard insulin therapy in T1D resulted in decreased insulin requirement, increased glycemic control, and decreased body weight. While statistically significant, it remains unclear if the decreased insulin requirement is clinically significant. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings. https://pubs.lib.umn.edu/index.php/innovations/article/view/6450Diabetesglycemic controlnon-insulin therapy |
| spellingShingle | Mayeesha Ahmed Emily Pierson Molly Webster Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy Diabetes glycemic control non-insulin therapy |
| title | Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists |
| title_full | Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists |
| title_short | Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists |
| title_sort | evaluating the effect on total daily insulin dose in adult patients with type 1 diabetes managed with metformin and or glp 1 or glp 1 gip receptor agonists |
| topic | Diabetes glycemic control non-insulin therapy |
| url | https://pubs.lib.umn.edu/index.php/innovations/article/view/6450 |
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