Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor
The first part of this paper reports on the theoretical basis for using an optical fibre-based Fresnel reflection sensor for monitoring the cross-linking reactions, and subsequently, the evolution of the glass transition temperature. The Fresnel reflection sensor is produced by cleaving an optical f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Polymer Testing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000200 |
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| author | James DR. Talbot David King Francisco N. Bogonez Venkata R. Machavaram Dee Harris Madhav Ramesh Surya D. Pandita Liwei Wang Maximilian Hlatky Gerard F. Fernando |
| author_facet | James DR. Talbot David King Francisco N. Bogonez Venkata R. Machavaram Dee Harris Madhav Ramesh Surya D. Pandita Liwei Wang Maximilian Hlatky Gerard F. Fernando |
| author_sort | James DR. Talbot |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The first part of this paper reports on the theoretical basis for using an optical fibre-based Fresnel reflection sensor for monitoring the cross-linking reactions, and subsequently, the evolution of the glass transition temperature. The Fresnel reflection sensor is produced by cleaving an optical fibre to obtain an end-face that is perpendicular. The device is simple to manufacture, interrogate and it is relatively straightforward to integrate into analytical and industrial equipment. The second part of the paper describes the integration of the low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor within a differential scanning calorimeter to track the cross-linking reactions in real-time. The same sensor was used subsequently to detect the glass transition temperature. As predicted by the theoretical study, a distinct change in the slope of the Fresnel reflection sensor data were observed as the cross-linked resin was heated past the glass transition temperature. An excellent correlation was observed between the outputs from the Fresnel reflection sensor and the differential scanning calorimeter with regard to the cross-linking kinetics and the glass transition temperature. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-71270d0830074c33baffc2cedd67fcfb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1873-2348 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj-art-71270d0830074c33baffc2cedd67fcfb2025-02-09T04:59:36ZengElsevierPolymer Testing1873-23482025-02-01143108706Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensorJames DR. Talbot0David King1Francisco N. Bogonez2Venkata R. Machavaram3Dee Harris4Madhav Ramesh5Surya D. Pandita6Liwei Wang7Maximilian Hlatky8Gerard F. Fernando9Sensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKSensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKCorresponding author.; Sensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKThe first part of this paper reports on the theoretical basis for using an optical fibre-based Fresnel reflection sensor for monitoring the cross-linking reactions, and subsequently, the evolution of the glass transition temperature. The Fresnel reflection sensor is produced by cleaving an optical fibre to obtain an end-face that is perpendicular. The device is simple to manufacture, interrogate and it is relatively straightforward to integrate into analytical and industrial equipment. The second part of the paper describes the integration of the low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor within a differential scanning calorimeter to track the cross-linking reactions in real-time. The same sensor was used subsequently to detect the glass transition temperature. As predicted by the theoretical study, a distinct change in the slope of the Fresnel reflection sensor data were observed as the cross-linked resin was heated past the glass transition temperature. An excellent correlation was observed between the outputs from the Fresnel reflection sensor and the differential scanning calorimeter with regard to the cross-linking kinetics and the glass transition temperature.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000200DSCRefractive indexFresnel reflectionCross-linkingGlass transition temperatureCure monitoring |
| spellingShingle | James DR. Talbot David King Francisco N. Bogonez Venkata R. Machavaram Dee Harris Madhav Ramesh Surya D. Pandita Liwei Wang Maximilian Hlatky Gerard F. Fernando Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor Polymer Testing DSC Refractive index Fresnel reflection Cross-linking Glass transition temperature Cure monitoring |
| title | Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor |
| title_full | Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor |
| title_fullStr | Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor |
| title_short | Theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low-cost Fresnel reflection sensor |
| title_sort | theoretical framework and experimental validation for monitoring the glass transition temperature of thermosets using a low cost fresnel reflection sensor |
| topic | DSC Refractive index Fresnel reflection Cross-linking Glass transition temperature Cure monitoring |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000200 |
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