Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines
Abstract The efficiency of any heat engine, defined as the ratio of average work output to heat input, is bounded by Carnot’s celebrated result. However, this measure is insufficient to characterize the properties of miniaturized heat engines carrying non-negligible fluctuations, and a study of high...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Communications Physics |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-01961-1 |
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| author | Kosuke Ito Guo-Hua Xu Chao Jiang Édgar Roldán Raúl A. Rica-Alarcón Ignacio A. Martínez Gentaro Watanabe |
| author_facet | Kosuke Ito Guo-Hua Xu Chao Jiang Édgar Roldán Raúl A. Rica-Alarcón Ignacio A. Martínez Gentaro Watanabe |
| author_sort | Kosuke Ito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The efficiency of any heat engine, defined as the ratio of average work output to heat input, is bounded by Carnot’s celebrated result. However, this measure is insufficient to characterize the properties of miniaturized heat engines carrying non-negligible fluctuations, and a study of higher-order statistics of their energy exchanges is required. Here, we generalize Carnot’s result for reversible cycles to arbitrary order moment of the work and heat fluctuations. Our results show that, in the quasistatic limit, higher-order statistics of a small engine’s energetics depend solely on the ratio between the temperatures of the thermal baths. We further prove that our result for the second moment gives universal bounds for the ratio between the variances of work and heat for quasistatic cycles. We test this theory with our previous experimental results of a Brownian Carnot engine and observe the consistency between them, even beyond the quasistatic regime. Our results can be exploited in the design of thermal nanomachines to reduce their fluctuations of work output without marginalizing its average value and efficiency. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a4036a9483c149ac909ff3d8e585d741 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2399-3650 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Communications Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-a4036a9483c149ac909ff3d8e585d7412025-02-09T12:40:37ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Physics2399-36502025-02-018111310.1038/s42005-025-01961-1Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat enginesKosuke Ito0Guo-Hua Xu1Chao Jiang2Édgar Roldán3Raúl A. Rica-Alarcón4Ignacio A. Martínez5Gentaro Watanabe6School of Physics and Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Physics and Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Physics and Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang UniversityICTP—The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsDepartment of Applied Physics, Universidad de GranadaDepartment of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent UniversitySchool of Physics and Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang UniversityAbstract The efficiency of any heat engine, defined as the ratio of average work output to heat input, is bounded by Carnot’s celebrated result. However, this measure is insufficient to characterize the properties of miniaturized heat engines carrying non-negligible fluctuations, and a study of higher-order statistics of their energy exchanges is required. Here, we generalize Carnot’s result for reversible cycles to arbitrary order moment of the work and heat fluctuations. Our results show that, in the quasistatic limit, higher-order statistics of a small engine’s energetics depend solely on the ratio between the temperatures of the thermal baths. We further prove that our result for the second moment gives universal bounds for the ratio between the variances of work and heat for quasistatic cycles. We test this theory with our previous experimental results of a Brownian Carnot engine and observe the consistency between them, even beyond the quasistatic regime. Our results can be exploited in the design of thermal nanomachines to reduce their fluctuations of work output without marginalizing its average value and efficiency.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-01961-1 |
| spellingShingle | Kosuke Ito Guo-Hua Xu Chao Jiang Édgar Roldán Raúl A. Rica-Alarcón Ignacio A. Martínez Gentaro Watanabe Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines Communications Physics |
| title | Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| title_full | Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| title_fullStr | Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| title_short | Universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| title_sort | universal relations and bounds for fluctuations in quasistatic small heat engines |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-01961-1 |
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