Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis
This study leverages synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) to investigate non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in ultra-high-strength steels. By acquiring Ca-L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra from six NMIs at both room temperature and 400 °C, we analyze t...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425002716 |
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| author | Mourad Kharbach Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri Ekta Rani Harishchandra Singh Tuomas Alatarvas Brice Sarpi Lin Zhu Yuran Niu Alexei Zakharov Ilkka Launonen Marko Huttula Mikko J. Sillanpaa Samuli Urpelainen |
| author_facet | Mourad Kharbach Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri Ekta Rani Harishchandra Singh Tuomas Alatarvas Brice Sarpi Lin Zhu Yuran Niu Alexei Zakharov Ilkka Launonen Marko Huttula Mikko J. Sillanpaa Samuli Urpelainen |
| author_sort | Mourad Kharbach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study leverages synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) to investigate non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in ultra-high-strength steels. By acquiring Ca-L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra from six NMIs at both room temperature and 400 °C, we analyze their structural changes, chemical compositions, and phase transformations. To extract meaningful insights from complex X-PEEM images, advanced chemometric data analysis is employed.Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR-ALS) is utilized to provide an unbiased analysis, revealing pure spectra and concentration profiles of NMIs before and after annealing. This approach maintains the integrity of the results while uncovering NMI behaviors, including the identification of new calcium phases. The challenge of assigning calcium phase identities to the spectra extracted by MCR-ALS is addressed using a comprehensive reference database and the Hit Quality Index (HQI), which effectively matches most NMIs before annealing to the calcium phosphate phase. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) further elucidate the relationships between calcium phases and NMIs during annealing. For classifying NMIs based on annealing history and calcium phase changes, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) are applied, with PLS-DA demonstrating superior classification accuracy. By analyzing complex X-PEEM data, we uncover valuable information about NMIs' responses to annealing processes and their classification based on calcium phase changes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aa68b0f0482b474bacfbab1aaaaa2fbd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-aa68b0f0482b474bacfbab1aaaaa2fbd2025-02-12T05:31:12ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-03-013533223332Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysisMourad Kharbach0Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri1Ekta Rani2Harishchandra Singh3Tuomas Alatarvas4Brice Sarpi5Lin Zhu6Yuran Niu7Alexei Zakharov8Ilkka Launonen9Marko Huttula10Mikko J. Sillanpaa11Samuli Urpelainen12Circular Economy/Sustainable Solutions, LAB University of Applied Sciences, Mukkulankatu 19, 15101, Lahti, Finland; Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; Corresponding author. Circular Economy/Sustainable Solutions, LAB University of Applied Sciences, Mukkulankatu 19, 15101, Lahti, Finland.Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; Corresponding author. Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandNano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandProcess Metallurgy Research SocUnit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, FinlandMAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 22484, SwedenMAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 22484, SwedenMAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 22484, SwedenMAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 22484, SwedenResearch Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandNano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandResearch Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandNano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Oulu, FinlandThis study leverages synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) to investigate non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) in ultra-high-strength steels. By acquiring Ca-L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra from six NMIs at both room temperature and 400 °C, we analyze their structural changes, chemical compositions, and phase transformations. To extract meaningful insights from complex X-PEEM images, advanced chemometric data analysis is employed.Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR-ALS) is utilized to provide an unbiased analysis, revealing pure spectra and concentration profiles of NMIs before and after annealing. This approach maintains the integrity of the results while uncovering NMI behaviors, including the identification of new calcium phases. The challenge of assigning calcium phase identities to the spectra extracted by MCR-ALS is addressed using a comprehensive reference database and the Hit Quality Index (HQI), which effectively matches most NMIs before annealing to the calcium phosphate phase. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) further elucidate the relationships between calcium phases and NMIs during annealing. For classifying NMIs based on annealing history and calcium phase changes, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) are applied, with PLS-DA demonstrating superior classification accuracy. By analyzing complex X-PEEM data, we uncover valuable information about NMIs' responses to annealing processes and their classification based on calcium phase changes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425002716Steel propertiesNon-metallic inclusionsSynchrotron X-ray absorptionPhotoemission electron microscopyMultivariate data analysisChemometrics |
| spellingShingle | Mourad Kharbach Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri Ekta Rani Harishchandra Singh Tuomas Alatarvas Brice Sarpi Lin Zhu Yuran Niu Alexei Zakharov Ilkka Launonen Marko Huttula Mikko J. Sillanpaa Samuli Urpelainen Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis Journal of Materials Research and Technology Steel properties Non-metallic inclusions Synchrotron X-ray absorption Photoemission electron microscopy Multivariate data analysis Chemometrics |
| title | Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| title_full | Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| title_short | Enhanced characterization of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-high-strength steels using advanced synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| title_sort | enhanced characterization of non metallic inclusions in ultra high strength steels using advanced synchrotron based x ray absorption spectroscopy and chemometric analysis |
| topic | Steel properties Non-metallic inclusions Synchrotron X-ray absorption Photoemission electron microscopy Multivariate data analysis Chemometrics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425002716 |
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