Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions
Abstract Scooter emissions have attracted attention in recent years because of human exposure to their direct effects in urban areas. Trace toxics, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have thus become important in scooter emissio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0138 |
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| author | Hung-Hong Chen Yun-Hwei Shen Hsi-Hsien Yang Jau-Huai Lu Lin-Chi Wang Yen-Kung Hsieh Chia-Fon Lee Sheng-Lun Lin |
| author_facet | Hung-Hong Chen Yun-Hwei Shen Hsi-Hsien Yang Jau-Huai Lu Lin-Chi Wang Yen-Kung Hsieh Chia-Fon Lee Sheng-Lun Lin |
| author_sort | Hung-Hong Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Scooter emissions have attracted attention in recent years because of human exposure to their direct effects in urban areas. Trace toxics, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have thus become important in scooter emissions. In this work, ten Tier 5 and 6 scooters were tested using a 100-second model to analyze their PCDD/F and PCB emissions and compare the results with previous Tier 3 studies. Tier 5 and 6 scooters emitted 1.86–2.91 and 0.133–0.298 pg WHO-TEQ Nm−3 of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, respectively. It was interesting to find that the PCDD/Fs were reduced by 94.6–97.4% and 99.4–99.6% in Tier 5 and 6 motors, respectively. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs were affected by improving the emission control. The domination of highly chlorinated congeners shown in Tier 3 was reduced in Tier 5 with increases in low chlorinated PCDFs. This showed that de novo synthesis occurred and could be inhibited by the OBD system in Tier 6. The tailpipe renews reduced 60.0–93.8% of PCDD/Fs and 85.3–97.7% of PCB emissions, but several cases would still exhibit a delay for stable operation of a catalytic converter. The annual emissions of PCDD/F TEQ was calculated based on the statistics in 2019 and tested as 1.63 g WHO-TEQ. It could be 99.7% reduced to 3.55 mg by replacing all scooters with Tier 6. Consequently, the improvement of electronic fuel injection and onboard diagnostics systems from a carburetor without feedback control not only reduced the regulated pollutants but effectively reduced PCDD/F emissions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ab5bf3779a464922befe089cdef8073d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-ab5bf3779a464922befe089cdef8073d2025-02-09T12:18:52ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092020-05-012061495150910.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0138Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl ReductionsHung-Hong Chen0Yun-Hwei Shen1Hsi-Hsien Yang2Jau-Huai Lu3Lin-Chi Wang4Yen-Kung Hsieh5Chia-Fon Lee6Sheng-Lun Lin7Department of Resources Engineering, National Cheng Kung UniversityDepartment of Resources Engineering, National Cheng Kung UniversityDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing UniversityDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian UniversityMarine Ecology and Conservation Research Center, National Academy of Marine ResearchDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignDepartment of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu UniversityAbstract Scooter emissions have attracted attention in recent years because of human exposure to their direct effects in urban areas. Trace toxics, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have thus become important in scooter emissions. In this work, ten Tier 5 and 6 scooters were tested using a 100-second model to analyze their PCDD/F and PCB emissions and compare the results with previous Tier 3 studies. Tier 5 and 6 scooters emitted 1.86–2.91 and 0.133–0.298 pg WHO-TEQ Nm−3 of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, respectively. It was interesting to find that the PCDD/Fs were reduced by 94.6–97.4% and 99.4–99.6% in Tier 5 and 6 motors, respectively. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs were affected by improving the emission control. The domination of highly chlorinated congeners shown in Tier 3 was reduced in Tier 5 with increases in low chlorinated PCDFs. This showed that de novo synthesis occurred and could be inhibited by the OBD system in Tier 6. The tailpipe renews reduced 60.0–93.8% of PCDD/Fs and 85.3–97.7% of PCB emissions, but several cases would still exhibit a delay for stable operation of a catalytic converter. The annual emissions of PCDD/F TEQ was calculated based on the statistics in 2019 and tested as 1.63 g WHO-TEQ. It could be 99.7% reduced to 3.55 mg by replacing all scooters with Tier 6. Consequently, the improvement of electronic fuel injection and onboard diagnostics systems from a carburetor without feedback control not only reduced the regulated pollutants but effectively reduced PCDD/F emissions.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0138ScooterPCDD/FsPCBsElectronic fuel injectionon-board diagnosticsCarburetor |
| spellingShingle | Hung-Hong Chen Yun-Hwei Shen Hsi-Hsien Yang Jau-Huai Lu Lin-Chi Wang Yen-Kung Hsieh Chia-Fon Lee Sheng-Lun Lin Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions Aerosol and Air Quality Research Scooter PCDD/Fs PCBs Electronic fuel injection on-board diagnostics Carburetor |
| title | Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions |
| title_full | Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions |
| title_fullStr | Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions |
| title_short | Newer Generation of Scooters: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductions |
| title_sort | newer generation of scooters polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxin and dibenzofuran and polychlorinated biphenyl reductions |
| topic | Scooter PCDD/Fs PCBs Electronic fuel injection on-board diagnostics Carburetor |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0138 |
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