Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study
Objective: While the relationship between higher housing cost burden and poorer mental health has been established in lower-income groups, research examining high-income populations is scarce. We aimed to examine this relationship among high-income homeowners in Japan. Methods: We conducted a cross-...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Preventive Medicine Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525000269 |
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| author | Kazuya Ogawa Keiichi Shimatani Ryotaro Iwayama Norimichi Suzuki |
| author_facet | Kazuya Ogawa Keiichi Shimatani Ryotaro Iwayama Norimichi Suzuki |
| author_sort | Kazuya Ogawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: While the relationship between higher housing cost burden and poorer mental health has been established in lower-income groups, research examining high-income populations is scarce. We aimed to examine this relationship among high-income homeowners in Japan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 6753 Japanese homeowners in detached houses. Data were collected as part of an ongoing panel survey, from new survey respondents during Wave 2 (Jul-Sept 2023) and Wave 3 (Jan-Mar 2024). Psychological distress, measured using the Kessler 6 scale, was the dependent variable. The explanatory variable was the mortgage-to-income ratio, categorized into two and six levels. We performed modified log Poisson regression analyses, incorporating income stratification, with missing data handled by multiple imputation. Results: For both overall respondents (PR = 1.22, 95 % CI 1.11–1.35) and the high-income group (PR = 1.23, 95 % CI 1.09–1.39), individuals with mortgage payment ratios ≥30 % were more likely to report psychological distress compared with those <30 %. While the low-income group showed a marginally similar tendency (PR = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.00–1.46), this association was not robust in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Higher mortgage payment ratios were associated with greater psychological distress even among high-income homeowners. The impact of housing cost stress on psychological distress may be more extensive than previously recognized. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c482a43246c34fc988c0e635b2b96ab4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2211-3355 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Preventive Medicine Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-c482a43246c34fc988c0e635b2b96ab42025-02-08T05:00:20ZengElsevierPreventive Medicine Reports2211-33552025-02-0150102987Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional studyKazuya Ogawa0Keiichi Shimatani1Ryotaro Iwayama2Norimichi Suzuki3Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Corresponding author.Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, JapanGraduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Comprehensive Housing R&D Institute, Sekisui House, Ltd., 6-6-4 Kabutodai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0224, JapanCenter for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, JapanObjective: While the relationship between higher housing cost burden and poorer mental health has been established in lower-income groups, research examining high-income populations is scarce. We aimed to examine this relationship among high-income homeowners in Japan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 6753 Japanese homeowners in detached houses. Data were collected as part of an ongoing panel survey, from new survey respondents during Wave 2 (Jul-Sept 2023) and Wave 3 (Jan-Mar 2024). Psychological distress, measured using the Kessler 6 scale, was the dependent variable. The explanatory variable was the mortgage-to-income ratio, categorized into two and six levels. We performed modified log Poisson regression analyses, incorporating income stratification, with missing data handled by multiple imputation. Results: For both overall respondents (PR = 1.22, 95 % CI 1.11–1.35) and the high-income group (PR = 1.23, 95 % CI 1.09–1.39), individuals with mortgage payment ratios ≥30 % were more likely to report psychological distress compared with those <30 %. While the low-income group showed a marginally similar tendency (PR = 1.21, 95 % CI 1.00–1.46), this association was not robust in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Higher mortgage payment ratios were associated with greater psychological distress even among high-income homeowners. The impact of housing cost stress on psychological distress may be more extensive than previously recognized.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525000269Mental HealthPsychological distressMortgageHousing affordabilityHousing tenureJapan |
| spellingShingle | Kazuya Ogawa Keiichi Shimatani Ryotaro Iwayama Norimichi Suzuki Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study Preventive Medicine Reports Mental Health Psychological distress Mortgage Housing affordability Housing tenure Japan |
| title | Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Association between higher mortgage payment-to-income ratio and greater psychological distress among high-income homeowners in Japan: A cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | association between higher mortgage payment to income ratio and greater psychological distress among high income homeowners in japan a cross sectional study |
| topic | Mental Health Psychological distress Mortgage Housing affordability Housing tenure Japan |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525000269 |
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