Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy
Abstract Purpose To examine the association between tear glucose (TG) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A cross-sectional study. TG was examined by rapid qualitative test strip in 160 patients. The severity of DR was...
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| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00636-x |
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| _version_ | 1823861758712872960 |
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| author | Ningyao Cao Lili Feng Wei Xu Fanglin He Caiwen Xiao Yan Liu Weirong Xu Jingjing Cui Yuqian Guo Lianqing Yao Wenwen Xia Fei Chen Yong Li Chuandi Zhou Xiaofang Xu |
| author_facet | Ningyao Cao Lili Feng Wei Xu Fanglin He Caiwen Xiao Yan Liu Weirong Xu Jingjing Cui Yuqian Guo Lianqing Yao Wenwen Xia Fei Chen Yong Li Chuandi Zhou Xiaofang Xu |
| author_sort | Ningyao Cao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Purpose To examine the association between tear glucose (TG) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A cross-sectional study. TG was examined by rapid qualitative test strip in 160 patients. The severity of DR was graded as mild DR and severe DR. The presence and severity of DR were compared between patients with positive and negative TG. The association of TG with the presence and the severity of DR was estimated by multivariable regression analysis and spearman’s rank correlation test, respectively. The performance of TG to detect DR was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results In this study, 160 patients were included, with a median age of 64.0 years, and 88 (55.0%) patients were males. A total of 91 (56.9%) patients had positive TG, and 69 (43.1%) patients had negative TG. In TG-positive group, 41 (45.1%) patients were diagnosed with DR, among them, 8 (19.5%) patients had mild DR, and 33 (80.5%) patients were afflicted with severe DR. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the presence of DR positively correlated with the presence of positive TG (odds ratio [OR], 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–8.40; p < 0.01), longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.11; 95% CI 1.06–1.17; p < 0.01) and higher HbA1c (OR, 1.25; 95% CI 1.01–1.54; p = 0.03). Moreover, Spearman’s correlation analysis suggested that the grading of TG increased with the severity of DR (rs = 0.28, p < 0.01). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model integrating TG, the duration of diabetes and HbA1c was 0.76 (95% CI 0.69–0.84), indicating a fair discriminative ability of DR. Conclusion TG level was associated with the presence and the severity of DR. TG might be an easy-to-use, non-invasive parameter to the screening and monitoring of DR among patients with diabetes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c9e4c06e06414f488fcb2ed1abbdbf40 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2056-9920 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous |
| spelling | doaj-art-c9e4c06e06414f488fcb2ed1abbdbf402025-02-09T12:49:11ZengBMCInternational Journal of Retina and Vitreous2056-99202025-02-011111710.1186/s40942-025-00636-xTear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathyNingyao Cao0Lili Feng1Wei Xu2Fanglin He3Caiwen Xiao4Yan Liu5Weirong Xu6Jingjing Cui7Yuqian Guo8Lianqing Yao9Wenwen Xia10Fei Chen11Yong Li12Chuandi Zhou13Xiaofang Xu14Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Cooperation and Exchange, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of General Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology, Qiaojia County Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalDepartment of Pathology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineAbstract Purpose To examine the association between tear glucose (TG) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A cross-sectional study. TG was examined by rapid qualitative test strip in 160 patients. The severity of DR was graded as mild DR and severe DR. The presence and severity of DR were compared between patients with positive and negative TG. The association of TG with the presence and the severity of DR was estimated by multivariable regression analysis and spearman’s rank correlation test, respectively. The performance of TG to detect DR was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results In this study, 160 patients were included, with a median age of 64.0 years, and 88 (55.0%) patients were males. A total of 91 (56.9%) patients had positive TG, and 69 (43.1%) patients had negative TG. In TG-positive group, 41 (45.1%) patients were diagnosed with DR, among them, 8 (19.5%) patients had mild DR, and 33 (80.5%) patients were afflicted with severe DR. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the presence of DR positively correlated with the presence of positive TG (odds ratio [OR], 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–8.40; p < 0.01), longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.11; 95% CI 1.06–1.17; p < 0.01) and higher HbA1c (OR, 1.25; 95% CI 1.01–1.54; p = 0.03). Moreover, Spearman’s correlation analysis suggested that the grading of TG increased with the severity of DR (rs = 0.28, p < 0.01). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model integrating TG, the duration of diabetes and HbA1c was 0.76 (95% CI 0.69–0.84), indicating a fair discriminative ability of DR. Conclusion TG level was associated with the presence and the severity of DR. TG might be an easy-to-use, non-invasive parameter to the screening and monitoring of DR among patients with diabetes.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00636-xDiabetic retinopathyTear glucoseDiabetesCross-sectional study |
| spellingShingle | Ningyao Cao Lili Feng Wei Xu Fanglin He Caiwen Xiao Yan Liu Weirong Xu Jingjing Cui Yuqian Guo Lianqing Yao Wenwen Xia Fei Chen Yong Li Chuandi Zhou Xiaofang Xu Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy International Journal of Retina and Vitreous Diabetic retinopathy Tear glucose Diabetes Cross-sectional study |
| title | Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| title_full | Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| title_fullStr | Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| title_short | Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| title_sort | tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy |
| topic | Diabetic retinopathy Tear glucose Diabetes Cross-sectional study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00636-x |
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