Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers
# Background Competitive swimmers are exposed to high training loads, which can contribute to the development of shoulder pain. There is a lack of research investigating the interactions between the accumulation of training loads and factors associated to shoulder pain in swimmers. # Purpose The...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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North American Sports Medicine Institute
2021-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.29875 |
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| author | Matias Yoma Lee Herrington Tanya Anne Mackenzie |
| author_facet | Matias Yoma Lee Herrington Tanya Anne Mackenzie |
| author_sort | Matias Yoma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | # Background
Competitive swimmers are exposed to high training loads, which can contribute to the development of shoulder pain. There is a lack of research investigating the interactions between the accumulation of training loads and factors associated to shoulder pain in swimmers.
# Purpose
The primary objective was to analyze the changes in shoulder physical qualities and wellness factors over a week of training in competitive swimmers. A secondary objective was to compare the changes in these variables between different swim-training volumes performed during the week.
# Design
Cross-sectional.
# Methods
Thirty-one national and regional-level swimmers were included (18 females, 13 males; age= 15.5 ± 2.2 years). Active shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), shoulder-rotation isometric torque, and wellness factors using the Hooper questionnaire were measured twice over the week: a baseline measurement (before Monday´s training session) and a follow-up during the week. Participants were divided into a high-volume group (HVG) and low-volume group (LVG) based on the day follow-up was performed. HVL (n= 15) was tested at the end of the training week (after Saturday´s session) and LVG (n= 16) during the week (after Thursday or Friday´s session). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the whole week was recorded after the follow-up session.
# Results
At follow-up, the LVG averaged a volume of 26.2 ± 2.2 km, whereas the HVG averaged a volume of 37.5 ± 3.7 km. LVG and HVG participants decreased active shoulder ER ROM on dominant (p= 0.002; p= 0.006) and nondominant sides (p= 0.001; p= 0.004), displayed increased muscular soreness (p= 0.001; p= 0.007) and worsened overall wellness (p< 0.001; p= 0.010). Fatigue (p= 0.008) and poor sleep quality were increased (p= 0.023) in HVG, but not in LVG. There were no changes in shoulder-rotation torque and stress in any group. Regarding between-groups differences, only weekly RPE was higher (p= 0.004) in HVG.
# Conclusions
The accumulation of training loads over the week negatively affect physical and wellness factors. Greater swim-volumes were associated with an increase perception of training loads. The regular monitoring of multiple factors to assess swimmers’ response to training might be necessary.
# Level of evidence
3 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d1b1f7cc85a842e28fd5d5819a80829b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2159-2896 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | North American Sports Medicine Institute |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| spelling | doaj-art-d1b1f7cc85a842e28fd5d5819a80829b2025-02-11T20:28:28ZengNorth American Sports Medicine InstituteInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy2159-28962021-12-01166Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive SwimmersMatias YomaLee HerringtonTanya Anne Mackenzie# Background Competitive swimmers are exposed to high training loads, which can contribute to the development of shoulder pain. There is a lack of research investigating the interactions between the accumulation of training loads and factors associated to shoulder pain in swimmers. # Purpose The primary objective was to analyze the changes in shoulder physical qualities and wellness factors over a week of training in competitive swimmers. A secondary objective was to compare the changes in these variables between different swim-training volumes performed during the week. # Design Cross-sectional. # Methods Thirty-one national and regional-level swimmers were included (18 females, 13 males; age= 15.5 ± 2.2 years). Active shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), shoulder-rotation isometric torque, and wellness factors using the Hooper questionnaire were measured twice over the week: a baseline measurement (before Monday´s training session) and a follow-up during the week. Participants were divided into a high-volume group (HVG) and low-volume group (LVG) based on the day follow-up was performed. HVL (n= 15) was tested at the end of the training week (after Saturday´s session) and LVG (n= 16) during the week (after Thursday or Friday´s session). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the whole week was recorded after the follow-up session. # Results At follow-up, the LVG averaged a volume of 26.2 ± 2.2 km, whereas the HVG averaged a volume of 37.5 ± 3.7 km. LVG and HVG participants decreased active shoulder ER ROM on dominant (p= 0.002; p= 0.006) and nondominant sides (p= 0.001; p= 0.004), displayed increased muscular soreness (p= 0.001; p= 0.007) and worsened overall wellness (p< 0.001; p= 0.010). Fatigue (p= 0.008) and poor sleep quality were increased (p= 0.023) in HVG, but not in LVG. There were no changes in shoulder-rotation torque and stress in any group. Regarding between-groups differences, only weekly RPE was higher (p= 0.004) in HVG. # Conclusions The accumulation of training loads over the week negatively affect physical and wellness factors. Greater swim-volumes were associated with an increase perception of training loads. The regular monitoring of multiple factors to assess swimmers’ response to training might be necessary. # Level of evidence 3https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.29875 |
| spellingShingle | Matias Yoma Lee Herrington Tanya Anne Mackenzie Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| title | Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers |
| title_full | Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers |
| title_fullStr | Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers |
| title_short | Cumulative Effects of a Week’s Training Loads on Shoulder Physical Qualities and Wellness in Competitive Swimmers |
| title_sort | cumulative effects of a week s training loads on shoulder physical qualities and wellness in competitive swimmers |
| url | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.29875 |
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