Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a lethal Alphavirus transmitted by Culiseta melanura mosquitoes that primarily cycles between birds. Although rare, infections in humans and horses are associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological effects. Climate change appears to be incre...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Infectious Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772431X25000061 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1823856699655585792 |
|---|---|
| author | Bhumika Parashar Rishabha Malviya Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar Tarun Wadhwa Sirajunisa Talath Javedh Shareef |
| author_facet | Bhumika Parashar Rishabha Malviya Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar Tarun Wadhwa Sirajunisa Talath Javedh Shareef |
| author_sort | Bhumika Parashar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a lethal Alphavirus transmitted by Culiseta melanura mosquitoes that primarily cycles between birds. Although rare, infections in humans and horses are associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological effects. Climate change appears to be increasing the spread of this virus. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of EEEV, including its transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, induced host immune response, and long-term impacts on survivors. It also highlights the virus's unique immune evasion strategies that complicate disease management and contribute to severe clinical outcomes, such as encephalitis with fever, convulsions, and coma. Survivors often face chronic cognitive, motor, and psychosocial impairments. Despite these significant public health risks, gaps remain in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion and the long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. By collating current knowledge, this review underscores the urgent need for the development of targeted vaccines and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the growing threat of EEEV, particularly in the context of climate change-driven geographical expansion. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d5062709a21c44db90c14ca033d98ac8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2772-431X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infectious Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-d5062709a21c44db90c14ca033d98ac82025-02-12T05:33:08ZengElsevierInfectious Medicine2772-431X2025-03-0141100167Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestationsBhumika Parashar0Rishabha Malviya1Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar2Tarun Wadhwa3Sirajunisa Talath4Javedh Shareef5Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; Galgotias Multi-Disciplinary Research & Development Cell (G-MRDC), Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India; Corresponding author.RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab EmiratesRAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab EmiratesRAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab EmiratesRAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab EmiratesEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a lethal Alphavirus transmitted by Culiseta melanura mosquitoes that primarily cycles between birds. Although rare, infections in humans and horses are associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological effects. Climate change appears to be increasing the spread of this virus. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of EEEV, including its transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, induced host immune response, and long-term impacts on survivors. It also highlights the virus's unique immune evasion strategies that complicate disease management and contribute to severe clinical outcomes, such as encephalitis with fever, convulsions, and coma. Survivors often face chronic cognitive, motor, and psychosocial impairments. Despite these significant public health risks, gaps remain in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion and the long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. By collating current knowledge, this review underscores the urgent need for the development of targeted vaccines and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the growing threat of EEEV, particularly in the context of climate change-driven geographical expansion.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772431X25000061NeuroinflammationViral pathogenesisAlphavirus transmissionImmune evasionNeurological sequelae |
| spellingShingle | Bhumika Parashar Rishabha Malviya Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar Tarun Wadhwa Sirajunisa Talath Javedh Shareef Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations Infectious Medicine Neuroinflammation Viral pathogenesis Alphavirus transmission Immune evasion Neurological sequelae |
| title | Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations |
| title_full | Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations |
| title_fullStr | Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations |
| title_short | Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations |
| title_sort | eastern equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis immune response and clinical manifestations |
| topic | Neuroinflammation Viral pathogenesis Alphavirus transmission Immune evasion Neurological sequelae |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772431X25000061 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bhumikaparashar easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations AT rishabhamalviya easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations AT sathvikbelagodusridhar easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations AT tarunwadhwa easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations AT sirajunisatalath easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations AT javedhshareef easternequineencephalitisviruspathogenesisimmuneresponseandclinicalmanifestations |