Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults.
<h4>Background</h4>Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well-documented. However, racial and ethnic differences in the longitudinal changes among multiple CVD risk factors are unknown.<h4>Methods</h4>We used prospective cohort data of...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318419 |
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| author | Matthew E Dupre Radha Dhingra Hanzhang Xu Scott M Lynch Qing Yang Cassie Ford Michael D Green Ying Xian Ann Marie Navar Eric D Peterson |
| author_facet | Matthew E Dupre Radha Dhingra Hanzhang Xu Scott M Lynch Qing Yang Cassie Ford Michael D Green Ying Xian Ann Marie Navar Eric D Peterson |
| author_sort | Matthew E Dupre |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well-documented. However, racial and ethnic differences in the longitudinal changes among multiple CVD risk factors are unknown.<h4>Methods</h4>We used prospective cohort data of U.S. adults aged ≥50 in the 2006-2016 Health and Retirement Study. Group-based multi-trajectory models characterized age-related trajectories of systolic blood pressure ([BP] mmHg), non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), diabetes mellitus (DM), and smoking. Racial and ethnic differences in the multi-trajectory profiles were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Karlson-Holm-Breen methods were used to assess factors contributing to these associations.<h4>Results</h4>Among 10,292 participants (median age: 61), approximately 32% had an overall favorable profile of CVD risk factors. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, non-Hispanic Black adults were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic BP with high risks of DM (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 3.36; 95% CI, 2.69-4.21; P < .001) and with low risks of DM (RRR = 3.23; 95% CI, 2.38-4.38; P < .001). Non-Hispanic Black adults were also more likely to exhibit high rates of smoking with and without other co-occurring risk factors. Hispanic adults were most likely to exhibit high risks of DM with elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.28-2.38; P < .001) and without elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.50-2.40; P < .001). Education, income, and country-of-origin were significantly associated with the excess CVD risks observed among racial and ethnic minority groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed in trajectories of CVD risk factors in U.S. adults. Social determinants largely contributed to these associations in non-Hispanic Black adults and Hispanic adults. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-da660da3cc6d426dbdf596f4cda6ec2c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-da660da3cc6d426dbdf596f4cda6ec2c2025-02-12T05:31:12ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01202e031841910.1371/journal.pone.0318419Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults.Matthew E DupreRadha DhingraHanzhang XuScott M LynchQing YangCassie FordMichael D GreenYing XianAnn Marie NavarEric D Peterson<h4>Background</h4>Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well-documented. However, racial and ethnic differences in the longitudinal changes among multiple CVD risk factors are unknown.<h4>Methods</h4>We used prospective cohort data of U.S. adults aged ≥50 in the 2006-2016 Health and Retirement Study. Group-based multi-trajectory models characterized age-related trajectories of systolic blood pressure ([BP] mmHg), non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), diabetes mellitus (DM), and smoking. Racial and ethnic differences in the multi-trajectory profiles were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Karlson-Holm-Breen methods were used to assess factors contributing to these associations.<h4>Results</h4>Among 10,292 participants (median age: 61), approximately 32% had an overall favorable profile of CVD risk factors. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, non-Hispanic Black adults were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic BP with high risks of DM (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 3.36; 95% CI, 2.69-4.21; P < .001) and with low risks of DM (RRR = 3.23; 95% CI, 2.38-4.38; P < .001). Non-Hispanic Black adults were also more likely to exhibit high rates of smoking with and without other co-occurring risk factors. Hispanic adults were most likely to exhibit high risks of DM with elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.28-2.38; P < .001) and without elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.50-2.40; P < .001). Education, income, and country-of-origin were significantly associated with the excess CVD risks observed among racial and ethnic minority groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed in trajectories of CVD risk factors in U.S. adults. Social determinants largely contributed to these associations in non-Hispanic Black adults and Hispanic adults.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318419 |
| spellingShingle | Matthew E Dupre Radha Dhingra Hanzhang Xu Scott M Lynch Qing Yang Cassie Ford Michael D Green Ying Xian Ann Marie Navar Eric D Peterson Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. PLoS ONE |
| title | Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. |
| title_full | Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. |
| title_fullStr | Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. |
| title_short | Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. |
| title_sort | racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in u s middle aged and older adults |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318419 |
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