Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England
Mine wastes can pose environmental and human health risks, especially when they contain high concentrations of potentially toxic metal(loid)s. In this study, the geochemistry (bulk and sequential extraction analysis, paste pH) and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Geochemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgeoc.2025.1543695/full |
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| author | Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Rich Crane Rich Crane Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Karen A. Hudson-Edwards |
| author_facet | Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Rich Crane Rich Crane Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Karen A. Hudson-Edwards |
| author_sort | Gabriel Ziwa |
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| description | Mine wastes can pose environmental and human health risks, especially when they contain high concentrations of potentially toxic metal(loid)s. In this study, the geochemistry (bulk and sequential extraction analysis, paste pH) and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis) of Co in mine wastes from Cobalt (Canada) and Cornwall (UK) were characterised to assess potential Co and other metal(loid) mobility in the aquatic environment. Cobalt concentrations in Nipissing high- and low-grade tailings at Cobalt were high (up to 5,630 mg kg−1 and 1,230 mg kg−1, respectively), and were several orders of magnitude higher than those at Poldice, Wheal Unity, and Dolcoath in Cornwall (average 40 mg kg−1, 76 mg kg−1, and 59 mg kg−1, respectively). Community Bureau of Reference (BCR)-sequential extraction analysis suggested that Co was equally mobile within the samples from Cobalt and Cornwall, with averages of 46% extracted in the exchangeable fraction. Erythrite was the most important secondary Co-bearing mineral that occurred widely in the Nipissing tailings. Other Co-bearing secondary minerals included arseniosiderite, scorodite, and Fe oxyhydroxides. Primary Co-bearing minerals identified included cobaltite and safflorite-skutterudite, and Co was also taken up in primary arsenopyrite, loellingite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. At the sites in Cornwall, however, Co-bearing primary and secondary minerals were not identified. Instead, Co was observed as a trace component in primary arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite and in secondary scorodite and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. Despite these mineralogical and other geological and processing differences, Co showed consistently high potential for mobilization from the wastes. In addition, risk assessment codes for Co fell in the medium to very high risk category in the aquatic and non-aquatic environments. This classification suggests that the mine waste-hosted Co is likely to affect humans via the food chain. Further research is required to determine if Co shows similar behaviour in mine wastes globally. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df3dde54d0d3467898e11a015a688d0a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2813-5962 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Geochemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-df3dde54d0d3467898e11a015a688d0a2025-02-07T06:49:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Geochemistry2813-59622025-02-01310.3389/fgeoc.2025.15436951543695Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, EnglandGabriel Ziwa0Gabriel Ziwa1Gabriel Ziwa2Rich Crane3Rich Crane4Karen A. Hudson-Edwards5Karen A. Hudson-Edwards6Camborne School of Mines, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomEnvironment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomDepartment of Geology, School of Mines and Mineral Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Kitwe, ZambiaCamborne School of Mines, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomEnvironment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomCamborne School of Mines, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomEnvironment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United KingdomMine wastes can pose environmental and human health risks, especially when they contain high concentrations of potentially toxic metal(loid)s. In this study, the geochemistry (bulk and sequential extraction analysis, paste pH) and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis) of Co in mine wastes from Cobalt (Canada) and Cornwall (UK) were characterised to assess potential Co and other metal(loid) mobility in the aquatic environment. Cobalt concentrations in Nipissing high- and low-grade tailings at Cobalt were high (up to 5,630 mg kg−1 and 1,230 mg kg−1, respectively), and were several orders of magnitude higher than those at Poldice, Wheal Unity, and Dolcoath in Cornwall (average 40 mg kg−1, 76 mg kg−1, and 59 mg kg−1, respectively). Community Bureau of Reference (BCR)-sequential extraction analysis suggested that Co was equally mobile within the samples from Cobalt and Cornwall, with averages of 46% extracted in the exchangeable fraction. Erythrite was the most important secondary Co-bearing mineral that occurred widely in the Nipissing tailings. Other Co-bearing secondary minerals included arseniosiderite, scorodite, and Fe oxyhydroxides. Primary Co-bearing minerals identified included cobaltite and safflorite-skutterudite, and Co was also taken up in primary arsenopyrite, loellingite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. At the sites in Cornwall, however, Co-bearing primary and secondary minerals were not identified. Instead, Co was observed as a trace component in primary arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite and in secondary scorodite and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. Despite these mineralogical and other geological and processing differences, Co showed consistently high potential for mobilization from the wastes. In addition, risk assessment codes for Co fell in the medium to very high risk category in the aquatic and non-aquatic environments. This classification suggests that the mine waste-hosted Co is likely to affect humans via the food chain. Further research is required to determine if Co shows similar behaviour in mine wastes globally.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgeoc.2025.1543695/fullCobaltmine wastecritical metalgeochemistrymineralogytoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Gabriel Ziwa Rich Crane Rich Crane Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England Frontiers in Geochemistry Cobalt mine waste critical metal geochemistry mineralogy toxicity |
| title | Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England |
| title_full | Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England |
| title_fullStr | Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England |
| title_short | Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cobalt in mine wastes: examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England |
| title_sort | geochemistry and mineralogy of cobalt in mine wastes examples from cobalt canada and cornwall england |
| topic | Cobalt mine waste critical metal geochemistry mineralogy toxicity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgeoc.2025.1543695/full |
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