Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials
Heavy metals (HM) are known to pose severe harm to the soil, crops, and human beings. The usefulness and efficiency of metal immobilization of Pb, Cd, and Cu ions using different doses of dead bacterial biomass (BM) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was evaluated and compared in spiked soil. The...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Asifa Farooqi Ejaz ul Haq Hooria Ikram Raja Hafiz Abdul Malik Yousaf Shad Muhammad Syed Hamza Safeer Sohail Yousaf Maximilian Lackner |
| author_facet | Asifa Farooqi Ejaz ul Haq Hooria Ikram Raja Hafiz Abdul Malik Yousaf Shad Muhammad Syed Hamza Safeer Sohail Yousaf Maximilian Lackner |
| author_sort | Asifa Farooqi |
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| description | Heavy metals (HM) are known to pose severe harm to the soil, crops, and human beings. The usefulness and efficiency of metal immobilization of Pb, Cd, and Cu ions using different doses of dead bacterial biomass (BM) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was evaluated and compared in spiked soil. The effectiveness of BM and g-C3N4 to immobilize metals in soil depends on the metal characteristics, dose of adsorbent, and contact time. The soil was spiked with two different metal concentrations. When comparing the two adsorbents, there was no significant difference observed in the immobilization of metals. Results showed a significant relationship between BM, g-C3N4, and metal fractions. At 200 mg kg-1 BM, the increase in the RS fraction (residual fraction) of Pb, Cd, and Cu was 42, 44, and 68 %, respectively. At 200 mg kg-1 g-C3N4, the RS fraction of Pb, Cd, and Cu was 48, 43, and 83 %, respectively. The maximum reduction in the exchangeable metal fraction was observed during the first 3 days of incubation. The adsorption of metals increased with time. Cu showed the highest adsorption (57 %) followed by Cd and Pb. The Cd adsorption increased from 35 % at Cd_125 to ∼55 % at Cd_275. There was no noticeable variation in the adsorption of Cu and relatively higher adsorption (35 %) was observed at Pb_160 and dropped to 30 % at Pb_330. The present study suggests using dead bacterial biomass as a cost-effective and environmentally benign adsorbent for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils instead of chemically synthesized nanomaterials. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f2f5f1a00c634754b00615b7704313be |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-8211 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemical Engineering Journal Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-f2f5f1a00c634754b00615b7704313be2025-02-08T05:01:27ZengElsevierChemical Engineering Journal Advances2666-82112025-05-0122100714Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterialsAsifa Farooqi0Ejaz ul Haq1Hooria Ikram Raja2Hafiz Abdul Malik3Yousaf Shad Muhammad4Syed Hamza Safeer5Sohail Yousaf6Maximilian Lackner7Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 – Islamabad, Pakistan.Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Corresponding author at: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria.Heavy metals (HM) are known to pose severe harm to the soil, crops, and human beings. The usefulness and efficiency of metal immobilization of Pb, Cd, and Cu ions using different doses of dead bacterial biomass (BM) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was evaluated and compared in spiked soil. The effectiveness of BM and g-C3N4 to immobilize metals in soil depends on the metal characteristics, dose of adsorbent, and contact time. The soil was spiked with two different metal concentrations. When comparing the two adsorbents, there was no significant difference observed in the immobilization of metals. Results showed a significant relationship between BM, g-C3N4, and metal fractions. At 200 mg kg-1 BM, the increase in the RS fraction (residual fraction) of Pb, Cd, and Cu was 42, 44, and 68 %, respectively. At 200 mg kg-1 g-C3N4, the RS fraction of Pb, Cd, and Cu was 48, 43, and 83 %, respectively. The maximum reduction in the exchangeable metal fraction was observed during the first 3 days of incubation. The adsorption of metals increased with time. Cu showed the highest adsorption (57 %) followed by Cd and Pb. The Cd adsorption increased from 35 % at Cd_125 to ∼55 % at Cd_275. There was no noticeable variation in the adsorption of Cu and relatively higher adsorption (35 %) was observed at Pb_160 and dropped to 30 % at Pb_330. The present study suggests using dead bacterial biomass as a cost-effective and environmentally benign adsorbent for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils instead of chemically synthesized nanomaterials.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821125000110Dead bacterial biomassHeavy metalsRemediationGraphitic carbon nitrideResidual-fractionImmobilization |
| spellingShingle | Asifa Farooqi Ejaz ul Haq Hooria Ikram Raja Hafiz Abdul Malik Yousaf Shad Muhammad Syed Hamza Safeer Sohail Yousaf Maximilian Lackner Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials Chemical Engineering Journal Advances Dead bacterial biomass Heavy metals Remediation Graphitic carbon nitride Residual-fraction Immobilization |
| title | Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| title_full | Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| title_fullStr | Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| title_short | Comparative immobilization of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| title_sort | comparative immobilization of lead cadmium and copper in soil using dead bacterial biomass and graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials |
| topic | Dead bacterial biomass Heavy metals Remediation Graphitic carbon nitride Residual-fraction Immobilization |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821125000110 |
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