Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Treatment by N. S. Lapina, A. A. Alekseeva, A. D. Vershinina, N. S. Khruleva, F. N. Muradova, L. Y. Koroleva

“…Risk factors of GIB during antithrombotic therapy in CHD patients include: GIB, gastric and/or duodenal ulcer in the history, reflux esophagitis, presence of H. pylori, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticula, haemorrhoids, angiodysplasia, gastrointestinal neoplasia, age above 65 years, concomitant treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min, high doses of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) ≥3 in HAS-BLED score. Pathogenesis of GIB in the course of antithrombotic therapy is associated with systemic hypocoagulation and local damaging effects of these drugs. …”
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