Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process

To address global challenge of climate changes, renewable energy has been fully developed in recent years. However, renewable energy is usually intermittent which makes it challenging for application. Liquid air energy storage can effectively store intermittent energy with promising prospects. Liqui...

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Main Authors: Zhanping You, Menghan Cheng, Changjie Ma, Yufei Xiao, Xuemin Zhao, Camila Barreneche, Xiaohui She
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-06-01
Series:Energy and Built Environment
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666123324000205
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author Zhanping You
Menghan Cheng
Changjie Ma
Yufei Xiao
Xuemin Zhao
Camila Barreneche
Xiaohui She
author_facet Zhanping You
Menghan Cheng
Changjie Ma
Yufei Xiao
Xuemin Zhao
Camila Barreneche
Xiaohui She
author_sort Zhanping You
collection DOAJ
description To address global challenge of climate changes, renewable energy has been fully developed in recent years. However, renewable energy is usually intermittent which makes it challenging for application. Liquid air energy storage can effectively store intermittent energy with promising prospects. Liquid air is a mixture composed of N2, O2 and Ar with different evaporation temperatures. It is assumed to form temperature and concentration stratification during storage and thus causes safety challenge. To address this issue, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method is used to study the temperature and concentration distribution characteristics in liquid air. The results show that the system temperature remains constant at 94 K with no temperature stratification during storage. However, the concentration of liquid air changes along vertical direction (z axis): the oxygen concentration remains stable around 21 % as z is 0–60 Å, rises to 22.1 % as z is from 60 to 70 Å and drops to 0 % as z is above 80 Å. The thin and short stratification phenomenon occurs at the gas-liquid interface region. In addition, a higher heat flux leads to a higher evaporation rate and a larger oxygen concentration. As the heat flux increases from 0.0 to 2.4 W/m2, evaporation rate rises from 0.13 to 0.2 % and the oxygen concentration at the liquid-gas interface reaches 22.3 %. Thus, concentration stratification exists during liquid air storage and should be treated carefully. This paper provides an insight into the temperature and concentration distribution of liquid air during storage and is significant for safety improvement and development of liquid air energy storage.
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spelling doaj-art-5d9d581b29d74ee490fe552fabd8ac472025-02-08T05:01:14ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Energy and Built Environment2666-12332025-06-0163555563Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage processZhanping You0Menghan Cheng1Changjie Ma2Yufei Xiao3Xuemin Zhao4Camila Barreneche5Xiaohui She6Cryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, ChinaCryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, ChinaCryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, ChinaCryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, ChinaCryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, ChinaDepartment of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, Barcelona 08028, SpainCryogenic Energy Conversion, Storage and Transportation Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China; Research Institute of Energy Storage Industrial Technology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China; Corresponding author.To address global challenge of climate changes, renewable energy has been fully developed in recent years. However, renewable energy is usually intermittent which makes it challenging for application. Liquid air energy storage can effectively store intermittent energy with promising prospects. Liquid air is a mixture composed of N2, O2 and Ar with different evaporation temperatures. It is assumed to form temperature and concentration stratification during storage and thus causes safety challenge. To address this issue, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method is used to study the temperature and concentration distribution characteristics in liquid air. The results show that the system temperature remains constant at 94 K with no temperature stratification during storage. However, the concentration of liquid air changes along vertical direction (z axis): the oxygen concentration remains stable around 21 % as z is 0–60 Å, rises to 22.1 % as z is from 60 to 70 Å and drops to 0 % as z is above 80 Å. The thin and short stratification phenomenon occurs at the gas-liquid interface region. In addition, a higher heat flux leads to a higher evaporation rate and a larger oxygen concentration. As the heat flux increases from 0.0 to 2.4 W/m2, evaporation rate rises from 0.13 to 0.2 % and the oxygen concentration at the liquid-gas interface reaches 22.3 %. Thus, concentration stratification exists during liquid air storage and should be treated carefully. This paper provides an insight into the temperature and concentration distribution of liquid air during storage and is significant for safety improvement and development of liquid air energy storage.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666123324000205Liquid air energy storageTemperature and concentration distributionMolecular dynamics simulationEvaporation rate
spellingShingle Zhanping You
Menghan Cheng
Changjie Ma
Yufei Xiao
Xuemin Zhao
Camila Barreneche
Xiaohui She
Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
Energy and Built Environment
Liquid air energy storage
Temperature and concentration distribution
Molecular dynamics simulation
Evaporation rate
title Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
title_full Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
title_fullStr Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
title_full_unstemmed Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
title_short Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid-gas interface during liquid air storage process
title_sort molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and concentration distribution at liquid gas interface during liquid air storage process
topic Liquid air energy storage
Temperature and concentration distribution
Molecular dynamics simulation
Evaporation rate
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666123324000205
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