Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system
Exhaustion of the immune system’s ability to adapt to novelty suggests that the changes it undergoes might be a consequence of an evolutionary unpredictable antigenic exposure over a lifetime. Thus, we raise the question of whether a naive immune system can manage new antigens better than an educate...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519023/full |
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| author | Baohua Li Zhou Sha Li Mou Feng Zhang Lifeng Jia Yan Zhu Yan Guo Guohong Deng Haibo Wu Hong Wei Yuzhang Wu Lilin Ye Changjiang Liu Jian Li Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang |
| author_facet | Baohua Li Zhou Sha Li Mou Feng Zhang Lifeng Jia Yan Zhu Yan Guo Guohong Deng Haibo Wu Hong Wei Yuzhang Wu Lilin Ye Changjiang Liu Jian Li Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang |
| author_sort | Baohua Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exhaustion of the immune system’s ability to adapt to novelty suggests that the changes it undergoes might be a consequence of an evolutionary unpredictable antigenic exposure over a lifetime. Thus, we raise the question of whether a naive immune system can manage new antigens better than an educated immune system. Here, by employing the naive immune system of germ-free (GF) mice without a history of microbial exposure, we compared their adaptive immune responses with those of the conventional (Conv) mice upon new viral infection. Interestingly, the naive GF immune system showed robust T-cell responses, with more potent memory T cells established for long-term protection, even in the condition of primary lower T-cell levels for naive GF mice. Furthermore, we found that the ABX-treated Conv mice showed impaired T-cell responses, compared with the untreated Conv ones. With the microbiota eliminated, the ABX mice still have a history of microbial exposure and education for their immune system. In summary, commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and the activation threshold of the adaptive antiviral immune system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f6836c39e2314d5b8435b63cff834afa |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-f6836c39e2314d5b8435b63cff834afa2025-02-07T06:49:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-02-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15190231519023Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune systemBaohua Li0Zhou Sha1Li Mou2Feng Zhang3Lifeng Jia4Yan Zhu5Yan Guo6Guohong Deng7Haibo Wu8Hong Wei9Yuzhang Wu10Lilin Ye11Changjiang Liu12Jian Li13Yanyan Zhang14Yanyan Zhang15Yanyan Zhang16Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaNational Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tongren Municipal People’s Hospital, Tongren, Guizhou, ChinaMedical Research Center, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaInstitute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaInstitute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaNational Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, ChinaInstitute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaMedical Research Center, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Chongqing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, ChinaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaExhaustion of the immune system’s ability to adapt to novelty suggests that the changes it undergoes might be a consequence of an evolutionary unpredictable antigenic exposure over a lifetime. Thus, we raise the question of whether a naive immune system can manage new antigens better than an educated immune system. Here, by employing the naive immune system of germ-free (GF) mice without a history of microbial exposure, we compared their adaptive immune responses with those of the conventional (Conv) mice upon new viral infection. Interestingly, the naive GF immune system showed robust T-cell responses, with more potent memory T cells established for long-term protection, even in the condition of primary lower T-cell levels for naive GF mice. Furthermore, we found that the ABX-treated Conv mice showed impaired T-cell responses, compared with the untreated Conv ones. With the microbiota eliminated, the ABX mice still have a history of microbial exposure and education for their immune system. In summary, commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and the activation threshold of the adaptive antiviral immune system.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519023/fullcommensal microbiotaadaptive antiviral immunitygerm-free miceABX-treated miceimmune education historyT cell immune effect and memory |
| spellingShingle | Baohua Li Zhou Sha Li Mou Feng Zhang Lifeng Jia Yan Zhu Yan Guo Guohong Deng Haibo Wu Hong Wei Yuzhang Wu Lilin Ye Changjiang Liu Jian Li Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang Yanyan Zhang Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system Frontiers in Immunology commensal microbiota adaptive antiviral immunity germ-free mice ABX-treated mice immune education history T cell immune effect and memory |
| title | Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| title_full | Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| title_fullStr | Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| title_short | Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| title_sort | commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system |
| topic | commensal microbiota adaptive antiviral immunity germ-free mice ABX-treated mice immune education history T cell immune effect and memory |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519023/full |
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